1A JeHoVaH hovoril Mojžišovi a riekol: 2Hovor synom Izraelovým a povieš im: Slávnosti JeHoVaHove, ktoré vyhlásite za sväté shromaždenia, to sú moje slávnosti. 3Šesť dní sa bude robiť práca, ale siedmeho dňa je sobota odpočinutia, sväté shromaždenie, nebudete robiť nijakej práce; je to sobota JeHoVaHova, a to vo všetkých vašich bydliskách. 4Toto sú výročné slávnosti JeHoVaHove, sväté shromaždenia, ktoré svoláte na ich určený čas. 5Prvého mesiaca, štrnásteho dňa toho mesiaca pred večerom je Pesach JeHoVaHovo. 6A pätnásteho dňa toho mesiaca je sviatok nekvasených chlebov JeHoVaHovi. Sedem dní budete jesť nekvasené chleby. 7Prvého dňa vám bude sväté shromaždenie; nebudete robiť nijakej práce robotného dňa. 8Ale budete obetovať ohňovú obeť JeHoVaHovi sedem dní. Siedmeho dňa bude zase sväté shromaždenie; nebudete robiť nijakej práce robotného dňa. 9A JeHoVaH hovoril Mojžišovi a riekol: 10Hovor synom Izraelovým a povieš im: Keď vojdete do zeme, ktorú vám ja dám, a budete žať jej žnivo, vtedy donesiete snopok prvotiny svojho žniva ku kňazovi, 11a on bude vznášať snopok pred JeHoVaHom, aby vám bol príjemný u Boha; nasledujúci deň po sobote ho bude kňaz vznášať. 12A toho dňa, keď budete vznášať snopok, budete obetovať ročného baránka bez vady zápalnou obeťou JeHoVaHovi. 13A jeho obilná obeť bude dve desatiny jemnej múky bielej, zamiesenej v oleji, ohňová to obeť JeHoVaHovi, upokojujúca vôňa, a jeho liata obeť štvrť hína vína. 14A chleba a praženého zbožia ani klasov nebudete jesť až práve do toho istého dňa, až keď donesiete obetný dar svojho Boha; to vám bude večným ustanovením po vašich pokoleniach vo všetkých vašich bydliskách. 15A napočítate si od nasledujúceho dňa po tej sobote, odo dňa, ktorého ste doniesli snopok obeti povznášania, sedem plných týždňov to bude, 16až do nasledujúceho dňa po siedmej sobote, teda napočítate päťdesiat dní a budete obetovať obilnú obeť novú JeHoVaHovi. 17Zo svojich bydlísk donesiete chlieb obeti povznášania; dva pecníky dvoch desatín jemnej múky bielej to budú, kvasené sa upečú, prvé plodiny JeHoVaHovi. 18A s chlebom obetovať budete sedem baránkov bez vady, ročných, a jedného junca z hoviad a dvoch baranov; budú zápalnou obeťou JeHoVaHovi s ich obilnou obeťou a s ich liatymi obeťami, ohňová to obeť upokojujúcej vône JeHoVaHovi. 19A tiež budete obetovať jedného kozla z kôz obeťou za hriech a dvoch ročných baránkov bitnou obeťou pokojnou. 20Kňaz ich bude vznášať na rukách s chlebom prvých plodín obeťou povznášania pred JeHoVaHom s dvoma baránkami; svätými budú JeHoVaHovi a dajú sa kňazovi. 21A vyhlásite slávnosť toho istého dňa a budete mať sväté shromaždenie; nebudete robiť nijakej práce robotného dňa, a bude to večným ustanovením vo všetkých vašich bydliskách po vašich pokoleniach. 22A keď budete žať žnivo svojej zeme, nesožneš docela kraja svojho poľa ani neposberáš paberkov svojho žniva; chudobnému a pohostínovi to zanecháš. Ja som JeHoVaH, váš Bôh! 23A JeHoVaH hovoril Mojžišovi a riekol: 24Hovor synom Izraelovým a povedz: Siedmeho mesiaca, prvého dňa toho mesiaca budete mať odpočinok, pamiatku trúbenia, sväté shromaždenie. 25Nebudete robiť nijakej práce robotného dňa, ale budete obetovať ohňovú obeť JeHoVaHovi. 26A JeHoVaH hovoril Mojžišovi a riekol: 27Len desiateho dňa toho siedmeho mesiaca - bude to deň Kippúrim - budete mať sväté shromaždenie a budete ponižovať svoje duše a budete obetovať ohňovú obeť JeHoVaHovi. 28A nebudete robiť nijakej práce toho istého dňa, lebo je to deň pokrytia hriechov pokryť na vás hriech pred JeHoVaHom, vaším Bohom. 29Lebo nech by to bola ktorákoľvek duša, ktorá by sa neponižovala toho dňa, bude vyťatá zo svojho ľudu, 30a každú dušu, ktorá by toho dňa robila nejakú prácu, jakúkoľvek, zatratím tú dušu a vytnem zprostred jej ľudu. 31Nebudete robiť nijakej práce, čo bude večným ustanovením po vašich pokoleniach vo všetkých vašich bydliskách. 32Sobotou odpočinutia vám to bude, a budete ponižovať svoje duše deviateho dňa toho mesiaca večer, od večera do večera budete svätiť svoju sobotu. 33A JeHoVaH hovoril Mojžišovi a riekol: 34Hovor synom Izraelovým a povedz: Pätnásteho dňa toho siedmeho mesiaca bude slávnosť stánov sedem dní JeHoVaHovi. 35Prvého dňa bude sväté shromaždenie; nebudete robiť nijakej práce robotného dňa. 36Sedem dní budete obetovať ohňovú obeť JeHoVaHovi; ôsmeho dňa budete mať sväté shromaždenie a budete obetovať ohňovú obeť JeHoVaHovi; bude to slávnostné shromaždenie; nebudete robiť nijakej práce robotného dňa. 37To sú výročité slávnosti JeHoVaHove, ktoré vyhlásite za sväté shromaždenia, aby ste v nich obetovali ohňovú obeť JeHoVaHovi, zápalnú obeť a obilnú obeť, bitnú obeť a liate obeti, to, čo je určené ktorého toho dňa, na jeho deň, 38krome sobôt JeHoVaHových a krome vašich darov a krome jakýchkoľvek vašich sľubov a krome jakýchkoľvek vašich dobrovoľných obetí, ktoré dáte JeHoVaHovi. 39Len že pätnásteho dňa toho siedmeho mesiaca, keď spracete úrodu zeme, sláviť budete slávnosť JeHoVaHovu sedem dní. Prvého dňa bude odpočinok a ôsmeho dňa zase odpočinok. 40Prvého dňa si naberiete plodu krásnych stromov, palmových vetiev a haluzí hustých stromov i potočnej vrbiny a budete sa radovať pred JeHoVaHom, svojím Bohom, sedem dní. 41Budete ju sláviť ako slávnosť JeHoVaHovi sedem dní rok po roku. Bude to večným ustanovením po vašich pokoleniach. Siedmeho mesiaca ju budete sláviť. 42V stánoch budete bývať sedem dní. Všetci doma zrodení v Izraelovi budú bývať v stánoch, 43aby vedely vaše pokolenia, že som dal bývať v stánoch synom Izraelovým, keď som ich vyviedol z Egyptskej zeme, ja JeHoVaH, váš Bôh. 44A Mojžiš hovoril o týchto výročných slávnostiach JeHoVaHových synom Izraelovým.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 2 OF SUNDRY FEASTS. (
Lev 23:1-
Lev 23:4)
Speak unto the children of Israel, . . . concerning the feasts of the Lord--literally, "the times of assembling, or solemnities" (
Isa 33:20); and this is a preferable rendering, applicable to all sacred seasons mentioned in this chapter, even the day of atonement, which was observed as a fast. They were appointed by the direct authority of God and announced by a public proclamation, which is called "the joyful sound" (
Ps 89:15). Those "holy convocations" were evidences of divine wisdom, and eminently subservient to the maintenance and diffusion of religious knowledge and piety.
3 Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest--(See on
Exod 20:8). The Sabbath has the precedence given to it, and it was to be "a holy convocation," observed by families "in their dwellings"; where practicable, by the people repairing to the door of the tabernacle; at later periods, by meeting in the schools of the prophets, and in synagogues.
4 These are the feasts of the Lord, which ye shall proclaim in their seasons--Their observance took place in the parts of the year corresponding to our March, May, and September. Divine wisdom was manifested in fixing them at those periods; in winter, when the days were short and the roads broken up, a long journey was impracticable; while in summer the harvest and vintage gave busy employment in the fields. Besides, another reason for the choice of those seasons probably was to counteract the influence of Egyptian associations and habits. And God appointed more sacred festivals for the Israelites in the month of September than the people of Egypt had in honor of their idols. These institutions, however, were for the most part prospective, the observance being not binding on the Israelites during their wanderings in the wilderness, while the regular celebration was not to commence till their settlement in Canaan.
5 THE PASSOVER. (
Lev 23:5-
Lev 23:8)
the Lord's passover--(See
Exod 12:2,
Exod 12:14,
Exod 12:18). The institution of the passover was intended to be a perpetual memorial of the circumstances attending the redemption of the Israelites, while it had a typical reference to a greater redemption to be effected for God's spiritual people. On the first and last days of this feast, the people were forbidden to work [
Lev 23:7-
Lev 23:8]; but while on the Sabbath they were not to do any work, on feast days they were permitted to dress meat--and hence the prohibition is restricted to "no servile work." At the same time, those two days were devoted to "holy convocation"--special seasons of social devotion. In addition to the ordinary sacrifices of every day, there were to be "offerings by fire" on the altar (see
Num 28:19), while unleavened bread was to be eaten in families all the seven days (see
1Cor 5:8).
10 THE SHEAF OF FIRST FRUITS. (
Lev 23:9-
Lev 23:14)
ye shall bring a sheaf of the first-fruits of your harvest unto the priest--A sheaf, literally, an omer, of the first-fruits of the barley harvest. The barley being sooner ripe than the other grains, the reaping of it formed the commencement of the general harvest season. The offering described in this passage was made on the sixteenth of the first month, the day following the first Passover Sabbath, which was on the fifteenth (corresponding to the beginning of our April); but it was reaped after sunset on the previous evening by persons deputed to go with sickles and obtain samples from different fields. These, being laid together in a sheaf or loose bundle, were brought to the court of the temple, where the grain was winnowed, parched, and bruised in a mortar. Then, after some incense had been sprinkled on it, the priest waved the sheaf aloft before the Lord towards the four different points of the compass, took a part of it and threw it into the fire of the altar--all the rest being reserved to himself. It was a proper and beautiful act, expressive of dependence on the God of nature and providence--common among all people, but more especially becoming the Israelites, who owed their land itself as well as all it produced to the divine bounty. The offering of the wave-sheaf sanctified the whole harvest (
Rom 11:16). At the same time, this feast had a typical character, and pre-intimated the resurrection of Christ (
1Cor 15:20), who rose from the dead on the very day the first-fruits were offered.
15 FEAST OF PENTECOST. (
Lev 23:15-
Lev 23:22)
ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath--that is, after the first day of the passover week, which was observed as a Sabbath.
16 number fifty days--The forty-ninth day after the presentation of the first-fruits, or the fiftieth, including it, was the feast of Pentecost. (See also
Exod 23:16;
Deut 16:9).
17 Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals, &c.--These loaves were made of "fine" or wheaten flour, the quantity contained in them being somewhat more than ten pounds in weight. As the wave-sheaf gave the signal for the commencement, the two loaves solemnized the termination of the harvest season. They were the first-fruits of that season, being offered unto the Lord by the priest in name of the whole nation. (See
Exod 34:22). The loaves used at the Passover were unleavened; those presented at Pentecost were leavened--a difference which is thus accounted for, that the one was a memorial of the bread hastily prepared at their departure, while the other was a tribute of gratitude to God for their daily food, which was leavened.
21 ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein--Though it extended over a week, the first day only was held as a Sabbath, both for the national offering of first-fruits and a memorial of the giving of the law.
22 thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field when thou reapest, &c.--(See on
Lev 19:9). The repetition of this law here probably arose from the priests reminding the people, at the presentation of the first-fruits, to unite piety to God with charity to the poor.
24 FEAST OF TRUMPETS. (
Lev 23:23-
Lev 23:25)
In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath--That was the first day of the ancient civil year.
a memorial of blowing of trumpets--Jewish writers say that the trumpets were sounded thirty successive times, and the reason for the institution was for the double purpose of announcing the commencement of the new year, which was (
Lev 23:25) to be religiously observed (see
Num 29:3), and of preparing the people for the approaching solemn feast.
27 there shall be a day of atonement . . . and ye shall afflict your souls--an unusual festival, at which the sins of the whole year were expiated. (See
Lev 16:29-
Lev 16:34). It is here only stated that the severest penalty was incurred by the violation of this day.
34 the feast of tabernacles, for seven days unto the Lord--This festival, which was instituted in grateful commemoration of the Israelites having securely dwelt in booths or tabernacles in the wilderness, was the third of the three great annual festivals, and, like the other two, it lasted a week. It began on the fifteenth day of the month, corresponding to the end of our September and beginning of October, which was observed as a Sabbath; and it could be celebrated only at the place of the sanctuary, offerings being made on the altar every day of its continuance. The Jews were commanded during the whole period of the festival to dwell in booths, which were erected on the flat roofs of houses, in the streets or fields; and the trees made use of are by some stated to be the citron, the palm, the myrtle, and the willow, while others maintain the people were allowed to take any trees they could obtain that were distinguished for verdure and fragrance. While the solid branches were reserved for the construction of the booths, the lighter branches were carried by men, who marched in triumphal procession, singing psalms and crying "Hosanna!" which signifies, "Save, we beseech thee!" (
Ps 118:15,
Ps 118:25-
Ps 118:26). It was a season of great rejoicing. But the ceremony of drawing water from the pool, which was done on the last day, seems to have been the introduction of a later period (
John 7:37). That last day was the eighth, and, on account of the scene at Siloam, was called "the great day of the feast." The feast of ingathering, when the vintage was over, was celebrated also on that day [
Exod 23:16;
Exod 34:22], and, as the conclusion of one of the great festivals, it was kept as a sabbath.
