1A jak on ke králi domluvil, stalo se, že se duše Jehónáthánova spjala s duší Dávidovou, takže si ho Jehónáthán zamiloval jako svou duši; 2a Šáúl ho v onen den vzal a nedal mu vrátit se v dům jeho otce. 3A Jehónáthán a Dávid uzavřeli smlouvu, protože ho on miloval jako svou duši, 4a Jehónáthán si svlékl plášť, jejž měl na sobě, a dal jej Dávidovi, i své šatstvo až po svůj meč a po svůj luk a po svůj opasek. 5A Dávid se jal vycházet, kamkoli ho Šáúl posílal; počínal si rozvážně a Šáúl ho ustanovil nad bojovníky, a byl vhod všemu lidu a i všem Šáúlovým služebníkům. 6A při jejich příchodu, při Dávidově návratu od pobití Pelištího, se stalo, že ze všech měst Isráélových vstříc Šáúlovi, králi, vycházely zpívat ženy a taneční průvody za zvuků tamburíny, s veselím a s triangly, 7a ty ženy, jež hrály, si odpovídaly a říkaly: Šáúl udeřil na své tisíce, Dávid však na své desetitisíce. 8A Šáúl se velmi rozhněval, neboť tato řeč byla zlá v jeho očích, a řekl si: Dávidovi daly desetitisíce a mně daly tisíce - teď mu ještě jen kralování! 9A od onoho dne a nadále se Šáúl na Dávida mračil. 10A nazítří se stalo, že na Šáúla přišel mučivý duch od Boha, takže se vprostřed domu jal řádit; a Dávid svou rukou hrál jako každodenně a v ruce Šáúlově bylo kopí, 11i hodil Šáúl tím kopím, neboť si řekl: Musím prorazit skrze Dávida i skrze stěnu. Ale Dávid se před jeho tváří dvakrát vyhnul. 12A Šáúl pocítil z přítomnosti tváře Dávidovy bázeň, neboť Hospodin byl s ním a od Šáúla se odvrátil; 13proto ho Šáúl ze své blízkosti odstranil a ustanovil si ho velitelem tisíce, takže se jal vycházet a vstupovat před tváří lidu. 14A Dávid se na všech svých cestách projevil jako rozvážně si počínající a Hospodin byl s ním, 15a když Šáúl shledal, že si on velmi rozvážně počíná, dostal z něho strach, 16ale všechen Isráél a Júdá Dávida miloval, když on vycházel a vstupoval před jejich tváří. 17A Šáúl k Dávidovi řekl: Hle, má starší dcera Mérav; tu ti chci dát za ženu, jen mi buď zdatným mužem a bojuj boje Hospodinovy. Šáúl si totiž řekl: Nechť se na něho nedostává ruka má, nýbrž nechť se na něho dostává ruka Pelištím. 18A Dávid k Šáúlovi řekl: Kdo jsem já a kým je můj rod, čeleď mého otce, v Isráéli, že mám králi být zetěm? 19Ale v době, kdy se Mérav, dcera Šáúlova, měla dát Dávidovi, se stalo, že ona byla dána za ženu Adríélovi, Mechóláthímu. 20Ale Míchal, dcera Šáúlova, si Dávida zamilovala; to Šáúlovi oznámili, i byla ta věc správná v jeho očích, 21i řekl si Šáúl: Musím mu ji dát, ať mu je léčkou a ať se na něho dostává ruka Pelištím. A k Dávidovi Šáúl řekl: Nyní se budeš se mnou podruhé spřízňovat. 22A svým služebníkům Šáúl rozkázal: K Dávidovi potají promluvte výrokem: Hle, král má v tobě zalíbení a všichni jeho služebníci tě milují; nyní se tedy s králem spřízni. 23Královi služebníci tedy tato slova proslovili v uši Dávidovy a Dávid řekl: Zda je ve vašich očích bezvýznamné spříznit se s králem? A já jsem člověk chudý a bezvýznamný. 24A Šáúlovi služebníci mu podali zprávu výrokem: Dávid se vyslovil podle těchto slov; 25a Šáúl řekl: Takto musíte říci Dávidovi: Král nemá tužby po věně, nýbrž po stu předkožek Pelištím k pomstě na králových nepřátelích. Šáúl totiž pojal záměr nechat Dávida padnout rukou Pelištím. 26Jeho služebníci tedy Dávidovi oznámili tato jeho slova a v Dávidových očích byla ta věc správná - spříznit se s králem. A dni se nenaplnily 27a Dávid již povstal a odešel, on i jeho muži, a pobil z Pelištím dvě stě mužů, a Dávid přinesl jejich předkožky, i dodali je králi v plném počtu ke spříznění s králem; Šáúl mu tedy Míchal, svou dceru, dal za ženu. 28I shledal Šáúl a poznal, že s Dávidem je Hospodin, a Míchal, dcera Šáúlova, ho milovala; 29Šáúl tedy pociťoval ještě větší bázeň z Dávida a stal se Šáúl Dávidovi na všechny dni nepřítelem. 30A náčelníci Pelištím se jali podnikat výpravy a za každého jejich vyjití se stávalo, že si Dávid počínal rozvážněji než všichni Šáúlovi nevolníci, a jeho jméno se stalo velmi vysoce ceněným.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 JONATHAN LOVES DAVID. (
1Sam 18:1-4)
the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David--They were nearly of an age. The prince had taken little interest in David as a minstrel; but his heroism and modest, manly bearing, his piety and high endowments, kindled the flame not of admiration only, but of affection, in the congenial mind of Jonathan.
2 Saul would let him go no more home--He was established as a permanent resident at court.
3 Then Jonathan and David made a covenant--Such covenants of brotherhood are frequent in the East. They are ratified by certain ceremonies, and in presence of witnesses, that the persons covenanting will be sworn brothers for life.
4 Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David--To receive any part of the dress which had been worn by a sovereign, or his eldest son and heir, is deemed, in the East, the highest honor which can be conferred on a subject (see on
Esth 6:8). The girdle, being connected with the sword and the bow, may be considered as being part of the military dress, and great value is attached to it in the East.
6 SAUL ENVIES HIS PRAISE. (
1Sam 18:5-9)
the women came out of all cities of Israel--in the homeward march from the pursuit of the Philistines. This is a characteristic trait of Oriental manners. On the return of friends long absent, and particularly on the return of a victorious army, bands of women and children issue from the towns and villages, to form a triumphal procession, to celebrate the victory, and, as they go along, to gratify the soldiers with dancing, instrumental music, and extempore songs, in honor of the generals who have earned the highest distinction by feats of gallantry. The Hebrew women, therefore, were merely paying the customary gratulations to David as the deliverer of their country, but they committed a great indiscretion by praising a subject at the expense of their sovereign.
9 Saul eyed David--that is, invidiously, with secret and malignant hatred.
10 SEEKS TO KILL HIM. (
1Sam 18:10-12)
on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul--This rankling thought brought on a sudden paroxysm of his mental malady.
he prophesied--The term denotes one under the influence either of a good or a bad spirit. In the present it is used to express that Saul was in a frenzy. David, perceiving the symptoms, hastened, by the soothing strains of his harp, to allay the stormy agitation of the royal mind. But before its mollifying influence could be felt, Saul hurled a javelin at the head of the young musician.
there was a javelin in Saul's hand--Had it been followed by a fatal result, the deed would have been considered the act of an irresponsible maniac. It was repeated more than once ineffectually, and Saul became impressed with a dread of David as under the special protection of Providence.
13 FEARS HIM FOR HIS GOOD SUCCESS. (
1Sam 18:13-16)
Therefore Saul removed him from him--sent him away from the court, where the principal persons, including his own son, were spellbound with admiration of the young and pious warrior.
made him captain over a thousand--gave him a military commission, which was intended to be an honorable exile. But this post of duty served only to draw out before the public the extraordinary and varied qualities of his character, and to give him a stronger hold of the people's affections.
17 HE OFFERS HIM HIS DAUGHTER FOR A SNARE. (
1Sam 18:17-21)
Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife--Though bound to this already [
1Sam 17:25], he had found it convenient to forget his former promise. He now holds it out as a new offer, which would tempt David to give additional proofs of his valor. But the fickle and perfidious monarch broke his pledge at the time when the marriage was on the eve of being celebrated, and bestowed Merab on another man (see on
2Sam 21:8); an indignity as well as a wrong, which was calculated deeply to wound the feelings and provoke the resentment of David. Perhaps it was intended to do so, that advantage might be taken of his indiscretion. But David was preserved from this snare.
20 Michal Saul's daughter loved David--This must have happened some time after.
they told Saul, and the thing pleased him--Not from any favor to David, but he saw that it would be turned to the advancement of his malicious purposes, and the more so when, by the artful intrigues and flattery of his spies, the loyal sentiments of David were discovered.
25 The king desireth not any dowry--In Eastern countries the husband purchases his wife either by gifts or services. As neither David nor his family were in circumstances to give a suitable dowry for a princess, the king intimated that he would be graciously pleased to accept some gallant deed in the public service.
a hundred foreskins of the Philistines--Such mutilations on the bodies of their slain enemies were commonly practised in ancient war, and the number told indicated the glory of the victory. Saul's willingness to accept a public service had an air of liberality, while his choice of so difficult and hazardous a service seemed only putting a proper value on gaining the hand of a king's daughter. But he covered unprincipled malice against David under this proposal, which exhibited a zeal for God and the covenant of circumcision.
26 the days were not expired--The period within which this exploit was to be achieved was not exhausted.
27 David . . . slew of the Philistines two hundred men--The number was doubled, partly to show his respect and attachment to the princess, and partly to oblige Saul to the fulfilment of his pledge.
29 Saul was yet the more afraid of David--because Providence had visibly favored him, by not only defeating the conspiracy against his life, but through his royal alliance paving his way to the throne.