1Za pět dní poté přišel velekněz Ananiáš s několika staršími a jedním právníkem, jistým Tertullem, a podali u místodržitele žalobu na Pavla. 2Ten byl předvolán a Tertullus zahájil obžalobu těmito slovy:,,Hluboký mír, jemuž se díky tobě těšíme, a náprava věcí, za niž tento národ vděčí tvé prozřetelnosti, 3to, slovutný Felixi, vždy a všude přijímáme se všemožným díkůčiněním. 4Ale abych tě už déle neobtěžoval, prosím tě, abys nám chvíli naslouchal s laskavostí sobě vlastní. 5Tento muž je, jak jsme zjistili, hotová morová nákaza: podněcuje nepokoje mezi všemi Židy po celém světě a je to vůdce nazorejské strany. 6Pokusil se dokonce znesvětit Chrám a tehdy jsme ho zatkli. 7--- 8U něho si můžeš sám zjistit, vyslechneš-li ho, že veškeré naše žaloby proti němu jsou oprávněné.`` 9Židé ho podpořili a tvrdili, že tomu tak opravdu je. 10Tu místodržitel pokynul Pavlovi, aby promluvil, a on odpověděl:,,U vědomí toho, že tento národ máš pod soudní pravomocí mnohá léta, budu hájit svou věc s důvěrou. 11Můžeš si to zjistit: Není to více než dvanáct dnů, co jsem přišel na pouť nahoru do Jeruzaléma, 12a ani v Chrámě, ani v synagogách, ani po městě mě nepřistihli, že bych s někým vedl spory anebo podněcoval dav ke srocování. 13Navíc ti vůbec nemohou dokázat to, z čeho mě teď obviňují. 14Nicméně ti přiznám toto: Bohu svých otců sloužím podle Cesty, kterou oni označují za stranu, a uchovávám víru ve vše, co je v Zákoně, i v to, co je psáno v Prorocích, 15a přitom mám v Bohu naději, tak jako ji mají oni sami, že spravedliví i hříšníci budou vzkříšeni z mrtvých. 16Proto se i já snažím, abych měl neustále před Bohem i před lidmi bezúhonné svědomí. 17Přišel jsem po mnoha letech, abych přinesl almužny svému národu a předložil obětní dary: 18to proto mě nalezli v Chrámě; očistil jsem se a nevyvolával jsem ani srocení, ani výtržnosti. 19Ale několik Židů z Asie... - ti by byli měli před tebe předstoupit a obžalovat mě, kdyby proti mně něco měli! 20A tihle zde ať aspoň řeknou, jaký zločin mi kladli za vinu, když jsem stanul před Veleradou! 21Nejde-li o to jediné slovo, které jsem vykřikl, když jsem stál uprostřed nich: Dnes jsem před vámi pohnán k soudu pro vzkříšení z mrtvých.`` 22Felix, jenž byl velmi přesně obeznámen s tím, co je Cesta, je odkázal na pozdější dobu slovy: "Až sem přijde tribun Lysias, rozhodnu o vaší při." 23Setníkovi nakázal, aby Pavla držel ve vazbě, ale poskytl mu určité úlevy a nebránil nikomu z jeho blízkých, kdyby mu chtěl posloužit. 24Za několik dnů poté přišel Felix se svou ženou Drusillou, která byla Židovka. Dal si zavolat Pavla a poslouchal, jak mluví o víře v Krista Ježíše. 25Ale jakmile přišel v řeči na spravedlnost, zdrženlivost, budoucí soud, dostal Felix strach a odpověděl: "Protentokrát můžeš jít. Při nejbližší příležitosti si tě zase zavolám." 26Zároveň doufal, že mu Pavel dá peníze; proto pro něho často posílal a rozprávěl s ním. 27Když uplynuly dva roky, nastoupil po Felixovi Porcius Festus. Protože se Felix chtěl Židům zavděčit, ponechal Pavla ve vězení.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 PAUL, ACCUSED BY A PROFESSIONAL PLEADER BEFORE FELIX, MAKES HIS DEFENSE, AND IS REMANDED FOR A FURTHER HEARING. AT A PRIVATE INTERVIEW FELIX TREMBLES UNDER PAUL'S PREACHING, BUT KEEPS HIM PRISONER FOR TWO YEARS, WHEN HE WAS SUCCEEDED BY FESTUS. (Acts 24:1-27)
after five days--or, on the fifth day from their departure from Jerusalem.
Ananias . . . with the elders--a deputation of the Sanhedrim.
a certain orator--one of those Roman advocates who trained themselves for the higher practice of the metropolis by practicing in the provinces, where the Latin language, employed in the courts, was but imperfectly understood and Roman forms were not familiar.
informed . . . against Paul--"laid information," that is, put in the charges.
2 Seeing that by thee we enjoy great quietness, &c.--In this fulsome flattery there was a semblance of truth: nothing more. Felix acted with a degree of vigor and success in suppressing lawless violence [JOSEPHUS, Antiquities, 20.8.4; confirmed by TACITUS, Annals, 12.54].
by thy providence--a phrase applied to the administration of the emperors.
5 a pestilent fellow--a plague, or pest.
and a mover of sedition among all the Jews--by exciting disturbances among them.
throughout the world--(See on
Luke 2:1). This was the first charge; and true only in the sense explained on
Acts 16:20.
a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes--the second charge; and true enough.
6 hath gone about--attempted.
to profane the temple--the third charge; and entirely false.
we . . . would have judged according to our law.
7 But . . . Lysias came upon us, and with great violence took him out of our hands--a wilful falsehood and calumnious charge against a public officer. He had commanded the Sanhedrim to meet for no other purpose than to "judge him according to their law"; and only when, instead of doing so, they fell to disputing among themselves, and the prisoner was in danger of being "pulled in pieces of them" (
Acts 23:10) --or as his own letter says "killed of them" (
Acts 23:27) --did he rescue him, as was his duty, "by force" out of their hands.
8 Commanding his accusers to come unto thee--Here they insinuate that, instead of troubling Felix with the case, he ought to have left it to be dealt with by the Jewish tribunal; in which case his life would soon have been taken.
by examining whom--Lysias, as would seem (
Acts 24:22).
thyself mayest, &c.--referring all, as if with confidence, to Felix.
9 the Jews assented, &c.--See on
Acts 23:15.
10 thou hast been many years a judge to this nation--He had been in this province for six or seven years, and in Galilee for a longer period. Paul uses no flattery, but simply expresses his satisfaction at having to plead before one whose long official experience of Jewish matters would enable him the better to understand and appreciate what he had to say.
11 thou mayest understand--canst easily learn.
that there are yet but twelve days since I went up to Jerusalem--namely, 1. The day of his arrival in Jerusalem (
Acts 21:15-
Acts 21:17); 2. The interview with James (
Acts 21:18-
Acts 21:26); 3. The assumption of the vow (
Acts 21:26); 4, 5, 6. Continuance of the vow, interrupted by the arrest (
Acts 21:27, &c.); 7. Arrest of Paul (
Acts 21:27); 8. Paul before the Sanhedrim (
Acts 22:30;
Acts 23:1-
Acts 23:10); 9. Conspiracy of the Jews and defeat of it (
Acts 23:12-
Acts 23:24), and despatch of Paul from Jerusalem on the evening of the same day (
Acts 23:23,
Acts 23:31); 10, 11, 12, 13. The remaining period referred to (
Acts 24:1) [MEYER]. This short period is mentioned to show how unlikely it was that he should have had time to do what was charged against him.
for to worship--a very different purpose from that imputed to him.
12 they neither found me . . . Neither can they prove the things, &c.--After specifying several particulars, he challenges proof of any one of the charges brought against him. So much for the charge of sedition.
14 But this I confess to thee--in which Felix would see no crime.
that after the way they call heresy--literally, and better, "a sect."
so worship I the God of my fathers--the ancestral God. Two arguments are contained here: (1) Our nation is divided into what they call sects--the sect of the Pharisees, and that of the Sadducees--all the difference between them and me is, that I belong to neither of these, but to another sect, or religious section of the nation, which from its Head they call Nazarenes: for this reason, and this alone, am I hated. (2) The Roman law allows every nation to worship its own deities; I claim protection under that law, worshipping the God of my ancestors, even as they, only of a different sect of the common religion.
believing all, &c.--Here, disowning all opinions at variance with the Old Testament Scriptures, he challenges for the Gospel which he preached the authority of the God of their fathers. So much for the charge of heresy.
15 And have hope . . . as they themselves . . . allow, that there shall be a resurrection, &c.--This appeal to the faith of his accusers shows that they were chiefly of the Pharisees, and that the favor of that party, to which he owed in some measure his safety at the recent council (
Acts 23:6-
Acts 23:9), had been quite momentary.
16 And herein--On this account, accordingly; that is, looking forward to that awful day (compare
2Cor 5:10).
I exercise myself--The "I" here is emphatic; "Whatever they do, this is my study."
to have always a conscience void of offence, &c.--See
Acts 23:1;
2Cor 1:12;
2Cor 2:17, &c.; that is, "These are the great principles of my life and conduct--how different from turbulence and sectarianism!"
17 Now after many--several
years absence from Jerusalem--I came to bring alms to my of Macedonia and Greece, which he had taken such pains to gather. This only allusion in the Acts to what is dwelt upon so frequently in his own Epistles (
Rom 15:25-
Rom 15:26;
1Cor 16:1-4;
2Cor 8:1-4), throws a beautiful light on the truth of this History. (See PALEY'S Horć Paulinć).
and offerings--connected with his Jewish vow: see
Acts 24:18.
18 found me purified in the temple--not polluting it, therefore, by my own presence, and neither gathering a crowd nor raising a stir: If then these Asiatic Jews have any charge to bring against me in justification of their arrest of me, why are they not here to substantiate it?
20 Or else let these . . . here say--"Or, passing from all that preceded my trial, let those of the Sanhedrim here present say if I was guilty of aught there." No doubt his hasty speech to the high priest might occur to them, but the provocation to it on his own part was more than they would be willing to recall.
21 Except . . . this one voice . . . Touching the resurrection, &c.--This would recall to the Pharisees present their own inconsistency, in befriending him then and now accusing him.
22 having more perfect knowledge of that--"the"
way--(See on
Acts 19:23; and
Acts 24:14).
When Lysias . . . shall come . . . I will how, &c.--Felix might have dismissed the case as a tissue of unsupported charges. But if from his interest in the matter he really wished to have the presence of Lysias and others involved, a brief delay was not unworthy of him as a judge. Certainly, so far as recorded, neither Lysias nor any other parties appeared again in the case.
Acts 24:23, however, seems to show that at that time his prepossessions in favor of Paul were strong.
24 Felix . . . with his wife Drusilla . . . a Jewess--This beautiful but infamous woman was the third daughter of Herod Agrippa I, who was eaten of worms (see on
Acts 12:1), and a sister of Agrippa II, before whom Paul pleaded,
Acts 26:1, &c. She was "given in marriage to Azizus, king of the Emesenes, who had consented to be circumcised for the sake of the alliance. But this marriage was soon dissolved, after this manner: When Festus was procurator of Judea, he saw her, and being captivated with her beauty, persuaded her to desert her husband, transgress the laws of her country, and marry himself" [JOSEPHUS, Antiquities, 20.7.1,2]. Such was this "wife" of Felix.
he sent for Paul and heard him concerning the faith in Christ--Perceiving from what he had heard on the trial that the new sect which was creating such a stir was represented by its own advocates as but a particular development of the Jewish faith, he probably wished to gratify the curiosity of his Jewish wife, as well as his own, by a more particular account of it from this distinguished champion. And no doubt Paul would so far humor this desire as to present to them the great leading features of the Gospel. But from
Acts 24:25 it is evident that his discourse took an entirely practical turn, suited to the life which his two auditors were notoriously leading.
25 And as he reasoned of righteousness--with reference to the public character of Felix.
temperance--with reference to his immoral life.
and judgment to come--when he would be called to an awful account for both.
Felix trembled--and no wonder. For, on the testimony of TACITUS, the Roman Annalist [Annals, 9; 12.54], he ruled with a mixture of cruelty, lust, and servility, and relying on the influence of his brother Pallas at court, he thought himself at liberty to commit every sort of crime with impunity. How noble the fidelity and courage which dared to treat of such topics in such a presence, and what withering power must have been in those appeals which made even a Felix to tremble!
Go thy way for this time; and when I have a convenient season I will call for thee--Alas for Felix! This was his golden opportunity, but--like multitudes still--he missed it. Convenient seasons in abundance he found to call for Paul, but never again to "hear him concerning the faith in Christ," and writhe under the terrors of the wrath to come. Even in those moments of terror he had no thought of submission to the Cross or a change of life. The Word discerned the thoughts and intents of his heart, but that heart even then clung to its idols; even as Herod, who "did many things and heard John gladly," but in his best moments was enslaved to his lusts. How many Felixes have appeared from age to age!
26 He hoped . . . that money should have been given him . . . wherefore he sent for him the oftener, and communed with him--Bribery in a judge was punishable by the Roman law, but the spirit of a slave (to use the words of TACITUS) was in all his acts, and his communing with Paul"--as if he cared for either him or his message--simply added hypocrisy to meanness. The position in life of Paul's Christian visitors might beget the hope of extracting something from them for the release of their champion; but the apostle would rather lie in prison than stoop to this!
27 after two years--What a trial to this burning missionary of Christ, to suffer such a tedious period of inaction! How mysterious it would seem! But this repose would be medicine to his spirit; he would not, and could not, be entirely inactive, so long as he was able by pen and message to communicate with the churches; and he would doubtless learn the salutary truth that even he was not essential to his Master's cause. That Luke wrote his Gospel during this period, under the apostle's superintendence, is the not unlikely conjecture of able critics.
Porcius Festus--Little is known of him. He died a few years after this [JOSEPHUS, Antiquities, 20.8.9-9.1].
came into Felix' room--He was recalled, on accusations against him by the Jews of Cćsarea, and only acquitted through the intercession of his brother at court [JOSEPHUS, Antiquities, 20.8,10].
Felix, willing to show the Jews a pleasure--"to earn the thanks of the Jews," which he did not.
left Paul bound-- (
Acts 26:29) --which does not seem to have been till then.
