1Estas son las palabras que Moisés habló a todo Israel al otro lado del Jordán, en el desierto, en el Arabá frente a Suf, entre Parán, Tofel, Labán, Hazerot y Di-zahab. 2Once días duró el viaje desde Horeb hasta Cades-barnea, por la ruta de la región montañosa de Seír. 3El primero del mes undécimo del año 40, Moisés habló a los hijos de Israel conforme a todo lo que Jehovah le había mandado con respecto a ellos, 4después que derrotó a Sejón, rey de los amorreos que habitaba en Hesbón, y a Og, rey de Basán que habitaba en Astarot y en Edrei. 5Moisés empezó a explicar esta ley en la tierra de Moab, al otro lado del Jordán, y dijo: 6"Jehovah nuestro Dios nos habló en Horeb diciendo: ‘Bastante habéis permanecido en este monte. 7Volveos, marchad e id a la región montañosa de los amorreos y a todos sus vecinos en el Arabá, en la región montañosa y en la Sefela, en el Néguev y por la costa del mar, a la tierra de los cananeos y al Líbano, hasta el gran río, el río Eufrates. 8Mirad, yo he puesto la tierra delante de vosotros. Entrad y tomad posesión de la tierra que Jehovah juró a vuestros padres Abraham, Isaac y Jacob, que les daría a ellos y a sus descendientes después de ellos.’ 9"En aquel tiempo yo os hablé diciendo: ‘Yo solo no puedo cargar con vosotros. 10Jehovah vuestro Dios os ha multiplicado, y he aquí que hoy sois tan numerosos como las estrellas del cielo. 11¡Jehovah, Dios de vuestros padres, os multiplique mil veces más, y os bendiga como os lo ha prometido! 12Pero, ¿cómo podré llevar yo solo vuestras preocupaciones, vuestras cargas y vuestros pleitos? 13Proveeos entre vuestras tribus de hombres sabios, entendidos y experimentados, para que yo los ponga como vuestros jefes.’ 14Vosotros me respondisteis y dijisteis: ‘Está bien hacer lo que has dicho.’ 15Entonces tomé a los jefes de vuestras tribus, hombres sabios y experimentados, y los puse como vuestros jefes; como jefes de mil, jefes de cien, jefes de cincuenta, jefes de diez y como oficiales de vuestras tribus. 16En aquel tiempo mandé a vuestros jueces diciendo: ‘Oíd la causa de vuestros hermanos y juzgad con justicia entre un hombre y su hermano o el forastero que está con él. 17No hagáis distinción de personas en el juicio; oiréis tanto al pequeño como al grande. No tengáis temor de nadie, porque el juicio es de Dios. Pero la causa que os sea difícil la traeréis a mí, y yo la oiré.’ 18Os mandé, pues, en aquel tiempo todo lo que habíais de hacer. 19"Partimos de Horeb y fuimos por aquel desierto grande y terrible que habéis visto, dirigiéndonos a la región montañosa de los amorreos, como Jehovah nuestro Dios nos había mandado; y llegamos hasta Cades-barnea. 20Entonces os dije: ‘Habéis llegado a la región montañosa de los amorreos, la cual nos da Jehovah nuestro Dios. 21Mira, Jehovah tu Dios te ha entregado la tierra que está delante de ti. Sube y tómala en posesión, como Jehovah, Dios de tus padres, te ha dicho. ¡No temas ni desmayes!’ 22"Todos vosotros os acercasteis a mí y dijisteis: ‘Enviemos delante de nosotros hombres que nos reconozcan la tierra y nos traigan información acerca del camino por donde hemos de ir y de las ciudades a las que habremos de llegar.’ 23Me pareció bien lo dicho, y tomé a doce hombres de vosotros, un hombre por tribu. 24Ellos se dirigieron y subieron a la región montañosa; llegaron hasta el arroyo de Escol y reconocieron la tierra. 25Tomaron en sus manos muestras del fruto de la tierra y nos las trajeron. También nos dieron informes diciendo: ‘La tierra que Jehovah nuestro Dios nos da es buena.’ 26"Sin embargo, no quisisteis subir. Más bien, fuisteis rebeldes contra el mandato de Jehovah vuestro Dios, 27y murmurasteis en vuestras tiendas, diciendo: ‘Porque Jehovah nos aborrece, nos ha sacado de la tierra de Egipto, para entregarnos en mano de los amorreos para destruirnos. 28¿A dónde iremos? Nuestros hermanos han hecho desfallecer nuestros corazones diciendo: Este pueblo es más grande y más alto que nosotros. Las ciudades son grandes y fortificadas hasta el cielo, y también vimos allí a los anaquitas.’ 29Entonces os dije: ‘No os aterroricéis ni tengáis temor de ellos. 30Jehovah, vuestro Dios, quien va delante de vosotros, él combatirá por vosotros de la manera que lo hizo por vosotros en Egipto ante vuestros propios ojos, 31como también en el desierto, donde habéis visto que Jehovah vuestro Dios os ha traído, como trae un hombre a su hijo, por todo el camino que habéis andado, hasta que habéis llegado a este lugar.’ 32Aun con esto no creísteis a Jehovah vuestro Dios, 33quien iba delante de vosotros en el camino, con fuego de noche y con nube de día, a fin de explorar el lugar donde habíais de acampar, y para mostraros el camino a seguir. 34"Entonces Jehovah oyó la voz de vuestras palabras. Y se enojó y juró diciendo: 35‘Ninguno de estos hombres de esta mala generación verá la buena tierra que juré dar a vuestros padres, 36excepto Caleb hijo de Jefone. El la verá; a él y a sus hijos les daré la tierra que él pisó, porque siguió a Jehovah con integridad.’ 37Por causa de vosotros Jehovah se enfureció también contra mí, y dijo: ‘Tampoco tú entrarás allá. 38Josué hijo de Nun, que está delante de ti, él entrará allá. Anímale, porque él hará que Israel la herede. 39Pero vuestros pequeños, de quienes dijisteis que serían una presa; vuestros hijos que hoy no distinguen entre lo bueno y lo malo, ellos entrarán allá. A ellos la daré, y ellos tomarán posesión de ella. 40Pero vosotros, volveos y marchaos al desierto, rumbo al mar Rojo.’ 41"Entonces respondisteis y me dijisteis: ‘Hemos pecado contra Jehovah. Nosotros subiremos y pelearemos conforme a todo lo que Jehovah nuestro Dios nos ha mandado.’ "Os ceñisteis cada uno sus armas y pensasteis que era cosa fácil subir a la región montañosa. 42Entonces Jehovah me dijo que os dijera: ‘No subáis ni peleéis, porque yo no estoy entre vosotros. No seáis derrotados delante de vuestros enemigos.’ 43"Yo os hablé, pero no escuchasteis. Al contrario, fuisteis rebeldes contra lo que había dicho Jehovah; actuasteis con arrogancia y subisteis a la región montañosa. 44Pero los amorreos que habitaban en aquella región montañosa salieron a vuestro encuentro, os persiguieron como lo hacen las avispas, y os destrozaron desde Seír hasta Horma. 45Entonces volvisteis y llorasteis delante de Jehovah, pero Jehovah no escuchó vuestra voz ni os prestó atención. 46Así permanecisteis en Cades por muchos días, según los días que permanecisteis allí.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 MOSES' SPEECH AT THE END OF THE FORTIETH YEAR. (Deu. 1:1-46)
These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel--The mental condition of the people generally in that infantine age of the Church, and the greater number of them being of young or tender years, rendered it expedient to repeat the laws and counsels which God had given. Accordingly, to furnish a recapitulation of the leading branches of their faith and duty was among the last public services which Moses rendered to Israel. The scene of their delivery was on the plains of Moab where the encampment was pitched
on this side Jordan--or, as the Hebrew word may be rendered "on the bank of the Jordan."
in the wilderness, in the plain--the Arabah, a desert plain, or steppe, extended the whole way from the Red Sea north to the Sea of Tiberias. While the high tablelands of Moab were "cultivated fields," the Jordan valley, at the foot of the mountains where Israel was encamped, was a part of the great desert plain, little more inviting than the desert of Arabia. The locale is indicated by the names of the most prominent places around it. Some of these places are unknown to us. The Hebrew word, Suph, "red" (for "sea," which our translators have inserted, is not in the original, and Moses was now farther from the Red Sea than ever), probably meant a place noted for its reeds (
Num 21:14).
Tophel--identified as Tafyle or Tafeilah, lying between Bozrah and Kerak.
Hazeroth--is a different place from that at which the Israelites encamped after leaving "the desert of Sinai."
2 There are eleven days' journey from Horeb--Distances are computed in the East still by the hours or days occupiesd by the journey. A day's journey on foot is about twenty miles--on camels, at the rate of three miles an hour, thirty miles--and by caravans, about twenty-five miles. But the Israelites, with children and flocks, would move at a slow rate. The length of the Ghor from Ezion-geber to Kadesh is a hundred miles. The days here mentioned were not necessarily successive days [ROBINSON], for the journey can be made in a much shorter period. But this mention of the time was made to show that the great number of years spent in travelling from Horeb to the plain of Moab was not owing to the length of the way, but to a very different cause; namely, banishment for their apostasy and frequent rebellions.
mount Seir--the mountainous country of Edom.
3 in the fortieth year . . . Moses spake unto the children of Israel, &c.--This impressive discourse, in which Moses reviewed all that God had done for His people, was delivered about a month before his death, and after peace and tranquillity had been restored by the complete conquest of Sihon and Og.
4 Ashtaroth--the royal residence of Og, so called from Astarte ("the moon"), the tutelary goddess of the Syrians. Og was slain at
Edrei--now Edhra, the ruins of which are fourteen miles in circumference [BURCKHARDT]; its general breadth is about two leagues.
5 On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law--that is, explain this law. He follows the same method here that he elsewhere observes; namely, that of first enumerating the marvellous doings of God in behalf of His people, and reminding them what an unworthy requital they had made for all His kindness--then he rehearses the law and its various precepts.
6 The Lord our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount--Horeb was the general name of a mountainous district; literally, "the parched" or "burnt region," whereas Sinai was the name appropriated to a particular peak [see on
Exod 19:2]. About a year had been spent among the recesses of that wild solitude, in laying the foundation, under the immediate direction of God, of a new and peculiar community, as to its social, political, and, above all, religious character; and when this purpose had been accomplished, they were ordered to break up their encampment in Horeb. The command given them was to march straight to Canaan, and possess it [
Deut 1:7].
7 the mount of the Amorites--the hilly tract lying next to Kadesh-barnea in the south of Canaan.
to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon--that is, Phśnicia, the country of Sidon, and the coast of the Mediterranean--from the Philistines to Lebanon. The name "Canaanite" is often used synonymously with that of "Phśnician."
8 I have set the land before you--literally, "before your faces"--it is accessible; there is no impediment to your occupation. The order of the journey as indicated by the places mentioned would have led to a course of invasion, the opposite of what was eventually followed; namely, from the seacoast eastward--instead of from the Jordan westward (see on
Num 20:1).
9 I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone--a little before their arrival in Horeb. Moses addresses that new generation as the representatives of their fathers, in whose sight and hearing all the transactions he recounts took place. A reference is here made to the suggestion of Jethro (
Exod 18:18). In noticing his practical adoption of a plan by which the administration of justice was committed to a select number of subordinate officers, Moses, by a beautiful allusion to the patriarchal blessing, ascribed the necessity of that memorable change in the government to the vast increase of the population.
10 ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude--This was neither an Oriental hyperbole nor a mere empty boast. Abraham was told (
Gen 15:5-
Gen 15:6) to look to the stars, and though they "appear" innumerable, yet those seen by the naked eye amount, in reality, to no more than three thousand ten in both hemispheres. The Israelites already far exceeded that number, being at the last census above six hundred thousand [
Num 26:51]. It was a seasonable memento, calculated to animate their faith in the accomplishment of other parts of the divine promise.
19 we went through all that great and terrible wilderness--of Paran, which included the desert and mountainous space lying between the wilderness of Shur westward, or towards Egypt and mount Seir, or the land of Edom eastwards; between the land of Canaan northwards, and the Red Sea southwards; and thus it appears to have comprehended really the wilderness of Sin and Sinai [FISK]. It is called by the Arabs El Tih, "the wandering." It is a dreary waste of rock and of calcareous soil covered with black sharp flints; all travellers, from a feeling of its complete isolation from the world, describe it as a great and terrible wilderness.
22 ye came . . . and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land--The proposal to despatch spies emanated from the people through unbelief; but Moses, believing them sincere, gave his cordial assent to this measure, and God on being consulted permitted them to follow the suggestion (see on
Num 13:1). The issue proved disastrous to them, only through their own sin and folly.
28 the cities are great, and walled up to heaven--an Oriental metaphor, meaning very high. The Arab marauders roam about on horseback, and hence the walls of St. Catherine's monastery on Sinai are so lofty that travellers are drawn up by a pulley in a basket.
Anakims--(See on
Num 13:33). The honest and uncompromising language of Moses, in reminding the Israelites of their perverse conduct and outrageous rebellion at the report of the treacherous and fainthearted scouts, affords a strong evidence of the truth of this history as well as of the divine authority of his mission. There was great reason for his dwelling on this dark passage in their history, as it was their unbelief that excluded them from the privilege of entering the promised land (
Heb 3:19); and that unbelief was a marvellous exhibition of human perversity, considering the miracles which God had wrought in their favor, especially in the daily manifestations they had of His presence among them as their leader and protector.
34 the Lord heard the voice of your words, and was wroth--In consequence of this aggravated offense (unbelief followed by open rebellion), the Israelites were doomed, in the righteous judgment of God, to a life of wandering in that dreary wilderness till the whole adult generation had disappeared by death. The only exceptions mentioned are Caleb and Joshua, who was to be Moses' successor.
37 Also the Lord was angry with me for your sakes--This statement seems to indicate that it was on this occasion Moses was condemned to share the fate of the people. But we know that it was several years afterwards that Moses betrayed an unhappy spirit of distrust at the waters of strife (
Ps 106:32-
Ps 106:33). This verse must be considered therefore as a parenthesis.
39 your children . . . who in that day had no knowledge between good and evil--All ancient versions read "to-day" instead of "that day"; and the sense is--"your children who now know," or "who know not as yet good or evil." As the children had not been partakers of the sinful outbreak, they were spared to obtain the privilege which their unbelieving parents had forfeited. God's ways are not as man's ways [
Isa 55:8-
Isa 55:9].
40 turn you, and take your journey into the . . . Red Sea--This command they disregarded, and, determined to force an onward passage in spite of the earnest remonstrances of Moses, they attempted to cross the heights then occupied by the combined forces of the Amorites and Amalekites (compare
Num 14:43), but were repulsed with great loss. People often experience distress even while in the way of duty. But how different their condition who suffer in situations where God is with them from the feelings of those who are conscious that they are in a position directly opposed to the divine will! The Israelites were grieved when they found themselves involved in difficulties and perils; but their sorrow arose not from a sense of the guilt so much as the sad effects of their perverse conduct; and "though they wept," they were not true penitents. So the Lord would not hearken to their voice, nor give ear unto them.
46 So ye abode at Kadesh many days--That place had been the site of their encampment during the absence of the spies, which lasted forty days, and it is supposed from this verse that they prolonged their stay there after their defeat for a similar period.
