1"Estas son las leyes y los decretos que cuidaréis de poner por obra en la tierra que Jehovah, Dios de vuestros padres, os ha dado, para que tengáis posesión de ella todos los días que viváis sobre la tierra. 2Ciertamente destruiréis todos los lugares donde las naciones que vosotros habéis de desalojar han servido a sus dioses sobre los montes altos, sobre las colinas y debajo de todo árbol frondoso. 3Derribaréis sus altares, romperéis sus piedras rituales y quemaréis en el fuego sus árboles de Asera; quebraréis las imágenes de sus dioses y haréis desaparecer sus nombres de aquel lugar. 4"No haréis así para con Jehovah vuestro Dios, 5sino que buscaréis el lugar que Jehovah vuestro Dios haya escogido de todas vuestras tribus para poner allí su nombre y morar en él, y allá iréis. 6Allá llevaréis vuestros holocaustos, vuestros sacrificios, vuestros diezmos, la ofrenda alzada de vuestras manos, vuestras ofrendas votivas, vuestras ofrendas voluntarias y los primerizos de vuestras vacas y de vuestras ovejas. 7Allí comeréis delante de Jehovah vuestro Dios, y os regocijaréis vosotros y vuestras familias por todo lo que vuestras manos hayan emprendido, conforme a lo que Jehovah vuestro Dios os haya bendecido. 8"No haréis como todo lo que nosotros hacemos hoy aquí, cada uno como le parece bien; 9porque hasta ahora no habéis entrado al reposo y a la heredad que os da Jehovah vuestro Dios. 10Pero cruzaréis el Jordán y habitaréis en la tierra que Jehovah vuestro Dios os hace heredar, y él os dará reposo de todos vuestros enemigos de alrededor; y habitaréis seguros. 11Entonces llevaréis al lugar que Jehovah vuestro Dios haya escogido para hacer habitar allí su nombre todas las cosas que yo os mando: vuestros holocaustos, vuestros sacrificios, vuestros diezmos, la ofrenda alzada de vuestras manos, y todas vuestras más selectas ofrendas votivas que hayáis hecho a Jehovah. 12Y os regocijaréis delante de Jehovah vuestro Dios, vosotros, vuestros hijos, vuestras hijas, vuestros siervos, vuestras siervas y el levita que esté dentro de vuestras ciudades, ya que él no tiene parte ni heredad con vosotros. 13"Ten cuidado de no ofrecer tus holocaustos en cualquier lugar que veas. 14Más bien, sólo en el lugar que Jehovah haya escogido en una de tus tribus, allí ofrecerás tus holocaustos, y allí harás todo lo que yo te mando. 15No obstante, en todas tus ciudades podrás matar y comer carne con todo tu apetito, según te haya bendecido Jehovah tu Dios. Tanto el que está impuro como el que está puro la podrán comer, como si se tratase de una gacela o de un venado. 16Sólo que no comeréis la sangre; la derramaréis sobre la tierra como agua. 17"Pero en tus ciudades no podrás comer el diezmo de tu grano, de tu vino nuevo, de tu aceite, ni de los primerizos de tus vacas y de tus ovejas, ni ninguna de las ofrendas votivas que prometes, ni tus ofrendas voluntarias, ni la ofrenda alzada de tu mano. 18Más bien, delante de Jehovah tu Dios, en el lugar que Jehovah tu Dios haya escogido, la comerás, tú con tu hijo, tu hija, tu siervo, tu sierva y el levita que está en tus ciudades, regocijándote delante de Jehovah tu Dios por todo lo que tu mano ha emprendido. 19Ten cuidado de no desamparar al levita en todos tus días sobre tu tierra. 20"Cuando Jehovah tu Dios ensanche tu territorio como te ha prometido y tú digas: ‘Comeré carne’, porque tienes deseo de ella, podrás comer la carne con todo tu apetito. 21Si está muy lejos de ti el lugar que Jehovah tu Dios haya escogido para poner allí su nombre, entonces matarás de tus vacas y de tus ovejas que Jehovah te haya dado, como yo te he mandado. Comerás en tus ciudades con todo tu apetito. 22La comerás de la misma manera que se come la carne de la gacela o del venado; tanto el que está impuro como el que está puro la podrán comer. 23Sólo cuídate de no comer la sangre, porque la sangre es la vida; no comerás la vida junto con la carne. 24No comerás la sangre, sino que la derramarás en la tierra como agua. 25No comerás de ella, para que te vaya bien a ti y a tus hijos después de ti, cuando hagas lo recto ante los ojos de Jehovah. 26"Pero tomarás las cosas que hayas consagrado y tus ofrendas votivas, e irás al lugar que Jehovah haya escogido. 27Ofrecerás tus holocaustos, la carne y la sangre, sobre el altar de Jehovah tu Dios. La sangre de tus sacrificios será derramada sobre el altar de Jehovah tu Dios, pero podrás comer la carne. 28"Guarda y obedece todas estas palabras que yo te mando, para que cuando hagas lo bueno y recto ante los ojos de Jehovah tu Dios, te vaya bien a ti, y a tus hijos después de ti, para siempre. 29"Cuando Jehovah tu Dios haya destruido delante de ti las naciones a donde tú vas para desalojarlas, y las desalojes y habites en su tierra, 30guárdate de que no caigas en la trampa siguiendo su ejemplo, después que hayan sido destruidas delante de ti. No indagues acerca de sus dioses, diciendo: ‘¿De qué manera rendían culto estas naciones a sus dioses para que también yo haga lo mismo?’ 31No actuarás de esa manera con respecto a Jehovah tu Dios. Ciertamente ellos hacen con sus dioses todo lo que Jehovah aborrece, pues aun a sus hijos y a sus hijas queman en el fuego para sus dioses. 32"Tendréis cuidado de hacer todo lo que yo os mando; no añadiréis a ello, ni quitaréis de ello.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 MONUMENTS OF IDOLATRY TO BE DESTROYED. (
Deut 12:1-
Deut 12:15)
These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe--Having in the preceding chapter inculcated upon the Israelites the general obligation to fear and love God, Moses here enters into a detail of some special duties they were to practise on their obtaining possession of the promised land.
2 Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods--This divine command was founded on the tendencies of human nature; for to remove out of sight everything that had been associated with idolatry, that it might never be spoken of and no vestige of it remain, was the only effectual way to keep the Israelites from temptations to it. It is observable that Moses does not make any mention of temples, for such buildings were not in existence at that early period. The "places" chosen as the scene of heathen worship were situated either on the summit of a lofty mountain, or on some artificial mound, or in a grove, planted with particular trees, such as oaks, poplars, and elms (
Isa 57:5-
Isa 57:7;
Hos 4:13). The reason for the selection of such sites was both to secure retirement and to direct the attention upward to heaven; and the "place" was nothing else than a consecrated enclosure, or at most, a canopy or screen from the weather.
3 And ye shall overthrow their altars--piles of turf or small stones.
and break their pillars--Before the art of sculpture was known, the statues of idols were only rude blocks of colored stones.
5 unto the place which the Lord your God shall choose . . . to put his name there . . . thou shalt come--They were forbidden to worship either in the impure superstitious manner of the heathen, or in any of the places frequented by them. A particular place for the general rendezvous of all the tribes would be chosen by God Himself; and the choice of one common place for the solemn rites of religion was an act of divine wisdom, for the security of the true religion. It was admirably calculated to prevent the corruption which would otherwise have crept in from their frequenting groves and high hills--to preserve uniformity of worship and keep alive their faith in Him to whom all their sacrifices pointed. The place was successively Mizpeh, Shiloh, and especially Jerusalem. But in all the references made to it by Moses, the name is never mentioned. This studied silence was maintained partly lest the Canaanites within whose territories it lay might have concentrated their forces to frustrate all hopes of obtaining it; partly lest the desire of possessing a place of such importance might have become a cause of strife or rivalry amongst the Hebrew tribes, as about the appointment to the priesthood (Num. 16:1-30).
7 there ye shall eat before the Lord--of the things mentioned (
Deut 12:6); but of course, none of the parts assigned to the priests before the Lord--in the place where the sanctuary should be established, and in those parts of the Holy City which the people were at liberty to frequent and inhabit.
12 ye shall rejoice before the Lord your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, &c.--Hence it appears that, although males only were commanded to appear before God at the annual solemn feasts (
Exod 23:17), the women were allowed to accompany them (1Sa. 1:3-23).
15 Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates--Every animal designed for food, whether ox, goat, or lamb, was during the abode in the wilderness ordered to be slain as a peace offering at the door of the tabernacle; its blood to be sprinkled, and its fat burnt upon the altar by the priest. The encampment, being then round about the altar, made this practice, appointed to prevent idolatry, easy and practicable. But on the settlement in the promised land, the obligation to slay at the tabernacle was dispensed with. The people were left at liberty to prepare their meat in their cities or homes.
according to the blessing of the Lord thy God which he hath given thee--The style of living should be accommodated to one's condition and means--profuse and riotous indulgence can never secure the divine blessing.
the unclean and the clean may eat thereof--The unclean here are those who were under some slight defilement, which, without excluding them from society, yet debarred them from eating any of the sacred meats (
Lev 7:20). They were at liberty freely to partake of common articles of food.
of the roebuck--the gazelle.
and as of the hart--The Syrian deer (Cervus barbatus) is a species between our red and fallow deer, distinguished by the want of a bis-antler, or second branch on the horns, reckoning from below, and for a spotted livery which is effaced only in the third or fourth year.
16 BLOOD PROHIBITED. (
Deut 12:16-
Deut 12:25)
ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water--The prohibition against eating or drinking blood as an unnatural custom accompanied the announcement of the divine grant of animal flesh for food (
Gen 9:4), and the prohibition was repeatedly renewed by Moses with reference to the great objects of the law (
Lev 17:12), the prevention of idolatry, and the consecration of the sacrificial blood to God. In regard, however, to the blood of animals slain for food, it might be shed without ceremony and poured on the ground as a common thing like water--only for the sake of decency, as well as for preventing all risk of idolatry, it was to be covered over with earth (
Lev 17:13), in opposition to the practice of heathen sportsmen, who left it exposed as an offering to the god of the chase.
22 Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so shalt thou eat them, &c.--Game when procured in the wilderness had not been required to be brought to the door of the tabernacle. The people were now to be as free in the killing of domestic cattle as of wild animals. The permission to hunt and use venison for food was doubtless a great boon to the Israelites, not only in the wilderness, but on their settlement in Canaan, as the mountainous ranges of Lebanon, Carmel, and Gilead, on which deer abounded in vast numbers, would thus furnish them with a plentiful and luxuriant repast.
26 HOLY THINGS TO BE EATEN IN THE HOLY PLACE. (
Deut 12:26-
Deut 12:32)
Only thy holy things which thou hast--The tithes mentioned (
Deut 12:17) are not to be considered ordinary tithes, which belonged to the Levites, and of which private Israelites had a right to eat; but they are other extraordinary tithes or gifts, which the people carried to the sanctuary to be presented as peace offerings, and on which, after being offered and the allotted portion given to the priest, they feasted with their families and friends (
Lev 27:30).
29 Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them . . . saying, How did these nations serve their gods?--The Israelites, influenced by superstitious fear, too often endeavored to propitiate the deities of Canaan. Their Egyptian education had early impressed that bugbear notion of a set of local deities, who expected their dues of all who came to inhabit the country which they honored with their protection, and severely resented the neglect of payment in all newcomers [WARBURTON]. Taking into consideration the prevalence of this idea among them, we see that against an Egyptian influence was directed the full force of the wholesome caution with which this chapter closes.