1Und Jehova redete zu Mose und sprach: 2Rede zu den Söhnen Israels, und sprich zu ihnen: Was die Festzeiten Jehova's betrifft, an denen ihr heilige Versammlungen zusammen rufen sollet, so sind meine Festzeiten diese: 3Sechs Tage sollst du Arbeit thun, und am siebenten Tage ist Ruhetag, Sabbathfeier, heilige Versammlung; keine Arbeit sollet ihr thun; Sabbath sey Jehova zu Ehren in allen euren Wohnungen. 4Dieß sind die Festzeiten Jehova's, die heiligen Versammlungen, die ihr zu ihren Zeiten zusammenrufen sollet. 5Im ersten Monate, am vierzehnten Tage des Monates, gegen Abend ist das Passah Jehova's. 6Und am fünfzehnten Tage desselben Monates ist das Fest der ungesäuerten Brode Jehova zu Ehren; sieben Tage sollet ihr Ungesäuertes essen. 7Am ersten Tage sollet ihr heilige Festversammlung haben; keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr verrichten. 8Und ihr sollet Jehova Opfer bringen sieben Tage; am siebenten Tage ist heilige Versammlung; keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr verrichten. 9Und Jehova redete zu Mose und sprach: 10Rede zu den Söhnen Israels, und sprich zu ihnen: Wenn ihr in das Land kommet, das ich euch gebe, und seine Ernte einerntet; so sollet ihr die erste Gabe eurer Ernte dem Priester bringen. 11Der bewege die Garbe hin und her vor Jehova, das ihr wohlgefallet; am Tage nach dem Sabbath soll sie der Priester hin und her bewegen. 12Und opfert an dem Tage, da ihr die Garbe hin und her beweget, ein fehlerloses jähriges Lamm, Jehova zum Brandopfer, 13sammt seinem Speisopfer, zwei Zentel feines Mehl, mit Oel begossen, ein Opfer Jehova zum angenehmen Geruch; und sammt seinem Trankopfer, einem Viertel Hin Wein. 14Und Brod, und geröstete, und zerstoßene Körner sollet ihr nicht essen bis zu eben jenem Tage, wo ihr eurem Gott die Opfergabe dargebracht habet; eine ewige Satzung sey es in euren Geschlechtern, in allen euren Wohnungen. 15Und zählet euch vom Tage nach dem Sabbath, vom Tage an, da ihr die Garbe als Webopfer dargebracht habet, sollen es sieben volle Wochen werden, 16bis zum Tage nach dem siebenten Sabbath nämlich zählet fünfzig Tage; dann bringet Jehova ein neues Speisopfer dar. 17Von euren Wohnungen bringet Brod als Webopfer, zwei aus zwei Zehntel feinen Mehls, gesäuert seyen sie gebacken, die Erstlinge für Jehova. 18Und bringet außer dem Brode sieben fehlerlose, jährige Lämmer dar, und einen jungen Stier, und zwei Widder; sie seyen ein Brandopfer Jehova, sammt ihrem Speisopfer, und ihrem Trankopfer; ein Opfer, Jehova zum angenehmen Geruch. 19Und opfert einen Ziegenbock zum Sündopfer, und zwei jährige Lämmer zum Dankopfer. 20Und der Priester soll sie hin und her bewegen sammt dem Erstlingsbrode, als Webopfer vor Jehova, sammt den zwei Lämmern; heilig seyen sie Jehova, dem Priester gehören sie. 21Und rufet an eben diesem Tage zusammen, eine heilige Versammlung sollet ihr haben; keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr thun; eine ewige Satzung sey es in allen euern Wohnungen, in euern Geschlechtern. 22Und wenn ihr die Ernte eures Landes einerntet; so sollst du nicht das Ende deines Feldes ganz abernten bei deiner Ernte, und die Nachlese deiner Ernte nicht sammeln; dem Armen und dem Fremdlinge sollst du sie lassen; ich bin Jehova, euer Gott. 23Und Jehova redete zu Mose und sprach: 24Rede zu den Söhnen Israels, und sprich: im siebenten Monate, am ersten des Monates, sollet ihr eine Sabbathfeier haben, eine Erinnerung des Posaunenhalls, eine heilige Versammlung. 25Keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr thun; und Jehova sollet ihr Opfer darbringen. 26Und Jehova redete zu Mose und sprach: 27Am zehnten Tage dieses siebenten Monates ist der Versöhnungstag; heilige Versammlung sollet ihr haben; und euch kasteien, und Jehova ein Feueropfer darbringen. 28Und keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr thun an diesem Tage; denn der Versöhnungstag ist es, euch zu versöhnen vor Jehova, eurem Gott. 29Denn Jeder, der sich nicht kasteiet an diesem Tage, soll ausgerottet werden aus seinem Volke. 30Und Jeder, der irgend eine Arbeit thut an diesem Tage, einen Solchen werde ich vertilgen aus seinem Volke. 31Keine Arbeit sollet ihr thun; eine ewige Satzung sey es in euren Geschlechtern, in allen euern Wohnungen. 32Eine Sabbathfeier sey es euch; und kasteiet euch; am neunten des Monates am Abende, von einem Abend zum andern, sollet ihr euern Sabbath feiern. 33Und Jehova redete zu Mose und sprach: 34Rede zu den Söhnen Israels, und sprich: Am fünfzehnten Tage des siebenten Monates sey das Fest der Laubhütten sieben Tage Jehova zu Ehren. 35Am ersten Tage sey heilige Versammlung; keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr thun. 36Sieben Tage sollet ihr Jehova Opfer darbringen; am achten Tage sollet ihr heilige Versammlung haben, und Jehova Opfer darbringen, eine Festversammlung sey dieß; keine schwere Arbeit sollet ihr thun. 37Dieß sind die Festzeiten Jehova's, an denen ihr heilige Versammlungen zusammenrufen sollet, um Jehova Opfer darzubringen: Brandopfer, Speisopfer, Schlachtopfer, und Dankopfer, das Tägliche für jeden Tag, 38außer den Sabbathen Jehova's, und außer euern Geschenken, und außer allen euern gelobten Opfern, und außer allen euern freiwilligen Gaben, die ihr Jehova darbringet. 39Jedoch am fünfzehnten Tage des siebenten Monates, wenn ihr den Ertrag des Landes eingesammelt habet, sollet ihr ein Fest Jehova's feiern sieben Tage; am ersten Tag sey Sabbath, und am achten Tage sey Sabbath. 40Und nehmet euch am ersten Tage die schönsten Baumfrüchte, Palmzweige, und Zweige von großlaubigen Bäumen, und Bachweiden, und freuet euch vor Jehova, eurem Gott, sieben Tage. 41Und feiert dieß als Fest Jehova, sieben Tage im Jahr; eine ewige Satzung sey es in euren Geschlechtern; im siebenten Monate sollet ihr es feiern. 42In Laubhütten sollet ihr wohnen sieben Tage, jeder Eingeborne in Israel soll in Laubhütten wohnen; 43damit eure Nachkommen wissen, daß ich die Söhne Israels in Laubhütten wohnen ließ, als ich sie aus dem Lande Aegypten ausführte; ich bin Jehova, euer Gott. 44So sagte Mose den Söhnen Israels die Festzeiten Jehova's.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 2 OF SUNDRY FEASTS. (
Lev 23:1-
Lev 23:4)
Speak unto the children of Israel, . . . concerning the feasts of the Lord--literally, "the times of assembling, or solemnities" (
Isa 33:20); and this is a preferable rendering, applicable to all sacred seasons mentioned in this chapter, even the day of atonement, which was observed as a fast. They were appointed by the direct authority of God and announced by a public proclamation, which is called "the joyful sound" (
Ps 89:15). Those "holy convocations" were evidences of divine wisdom, and eminently subservient to the maintenance and diffusion of religious knowledge and piety.
3 Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest--(See on
Exod 20:8). The Sabbath has the precedence given to it, and it was to be "a holy convocation," observed by families "in their dwellings"; where practicable, by the people repairing to the door of the tabernacle; at later periods, by meeting in the schools of the prophets, and in synagogues.
4 These are the feasts of the Lord, which ye shall proclaim in their seasons--Their observance took place in the parts of the year corresponding to our March, May, and September. Divine wisdom was manifested in fixing them at those periods; in winter, when the days were short and the roads broken up, a long journey was impracticable; while in summer the harvest and vintage gave busy employment in the fields. Besides, another reason for the choice of those seasons probably was to counteract the influence of Egyptian associations and habits. And God appointed more sacred festivals for the Israelites in the month of September than the people of Egypt had in honor of their idols. These institutions, however, were for the most part prospective, the observance being not binding on the Israelites during their wanderings in the wilderness, while the regular celebration was not to commence till their settlement in Canaan.
5 THE PASSOVER. (
Lev 23:5-
Lev 23:8)
the Lord's passover--(See
Exod 12:2,
Exod 12:14,
Exod 12:18). The institution of the passover was intended to be a perpetual memorial of the circumstances attending the redemption of the Israelites, while it had a typical reference to a greater redemption to be effected for God's spiritual people. On the first and last days of this feast, the people were forbidden to work [
Lev 23:7-
Lev 23:8]; but while on the Sabbath they were not to do any work, on feast days they were permitted to dress meat--and hence the prohibition is restricted to "no servile work." At the same time, those two days were devoted to "holy convocation"--special seasons of social devotion. In addition to the ordinary sacrifices of every day, there were to be "offerings by fire" on the altar (see
Num 28:19), while unleavened bread was to be eaten in families all the seven days (see
1Cor 5:8).
10 THE SHEAF OF FIRST FRUITS. (
Lev 23:9-
Lev 23:14)
ye shall bring a sheaf of the first-fruits of your harvest unto the priest--A sheaf, literally, an omer, of the first-fruits of the barley harvest. The barley being sooner ripe than the other grains, the reaping of it formed the commencement of the general harvest season. The offering described in this passage was made on the sixteenth of the first month, the day following the first Passover Sabbath, which was on the fifteenth (corresponding to the beginning of our April); but it was reaped after sunset on the previous evening by persons deputed to go with sickles and obtain samples from different fields. These, being laid together in a sheaf or loose bundle, were brought to the court of the temple, where the grain was winnowed, parched, and bruised in a mortar. Then, after some incense had been sprinkled on it, the priest waved the sheaf aloft before the Lord towards the four different points of the compass, took a part of it and threw it into the fire of the altar--all the rest being reserved to himself. It was a proper and beautiful act, expressive of dependence on the God of nature and providence--common among all people, but more especially becoming the Israelites, who owed their land itself as well as all it produced to the divine bounty. The offering of the wave-sheaf sanctified the whole harvest (
Rom 11:16). At the same time, this feast had a typical character, and pre-intimated the resurrection of Christ (
1Cor 15:20), who rose from the dead on the very day the first-fruits were offered.
15 FEAST OF PENTECOST. (
Lev 23:15-
Lev 23:22)
ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath--that is, after the first day of the passover week, which was observed as a Sabbath.
16 number fifty days--The forty-ninth day after the presentation of the first-fruits, or the fiftieth, including it, was the feast of Pentecost. (See also
Exod 23:16;
Deut 16:9).
17 Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals, &c.--These loaves were made of "fine" or wheaten flour, the quantity contained in them being somewhat more than ten pounds in weight. As the wave-sheaf gave the signal for the commencement, the two loaves solemnized the termination of the harvest season. They were the first-fruits of that season, being offered unto the Lord by the priest in name of the whole nation. (See
Exod 34:22). The loaves used at the Passover were unleavened; those presented at Pentecost were leavened--a difference which is thus accounted for, that the one was a memorial of the bread hastily prepared at their departure, while the other was a tribute of gratitude to God for their daily food, which was leavened.
21 ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein--Though it extended over a week, the first day only was held as a Sabbath, both for the national offering of first-fruits and a memorial of the giving of the law.
22 thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field when thou reapest, &c.--(See on
Lev 19:9). The repetition of this law here probably arose from the priests reminding the people, at the presentation of the first-fruits, to unite piety to God with charity to the poor.
24 FEAST OF TRUMPETS. (
Lev 23:23-
Lev 23:25)
In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath--That was the first day of the ancient civil year.
a memorial of blowing of trumpets--Jewish writers say that the trumpets were sounded thirty successive times, and the reason for the institution was for the double purpose of announcing the commencement of the new year, which was (
Lev 23:25) to be religiously observed (see
Num 29:3), and of preparing the people for the approaching solemn feast.
27 there shall be a day of atonement . . . and ye shall afflict your souls--an unusual festival, at which the sins of the whole year were expiated. (See
Lev 16:29-
Lev 16:34). It is here only stated that the severest penalty was incurred by the violation of this day.
34 the feast of tabernacles, for seven days unto the Lord--This festival, which was instituted in grateful commemoration of the Israelites having securely dwelt in booths or tabernacles in the wilderness, was the third of the three great annual festivals, and, like the other two, it lasted a week. It began on the fifteenth day of the month, corresponding to the end of our September and beginning of October, which was observed as a Sabbath; and it could be celebrated only at the place of the sanctuary, offerings being made on the altar every day of its continuance. The Jews were commanded during the whole period of the festival to dwell in booths, which were erected on the flat roofs of houses, in the streets or fields; and the trees made use of are by some stated to be the citron, the palm, the myrtle, and the willow, while others maintain the people were allowed to take any trees they could obtain that were distinguished for verdure and fragrance. While the solid branches were reserved for the construction of the booths, the lighter branches were carried by men, who marched in triumphal procession, singing psalms and crying "Hosanna!" which signifies, "Save, we beseech thee!" (
Ps 118:15,
Ps 118:25-
Ps 118:26). It was a season of great rejoicing. But the ceremony of drawing water from the pool, which was done on the last day, seems to have been the introduction of a later period (
John 7:37). That last day was the eighth, and, on account of the scene at Siloam, was called "the great day of the feast." The feast of ingathering, when the vintage was over, was celebrated also on that day [
Exod 23:16;
Exod 34:22], and, as the conclusion of one of the great festivals, it was kept as a sabbath.
