1Y Jefté, el galaadita era un hombre esforzado y valeroso, hijo de una ramera, al cual había engendrado Galaad. 2Y la esposa de Galaad también le había dado hijos; los cuales cuando fueron grandes, echaron fuera a Jefté, diciéndole: No heredarás en la casa de nuestro padre, porque eres hijo de otra mujer. 3Huyendo, pues, Jefté a causa de sus hermanos, habitó en tierra de Tob; y se juntaron con él hombres ociosos, los cuales con él salían. 4Y aconteció que después de días los hijos de Amón hicieron guerra contra Israel: 5Y como los hijos de Amón tenían guerra contra Israel, los ancianos de Galaad fueron para traer a Jefté de la tierra de Tob; 6y dijeron a Jefté: Ven y sé nuestro capitán para que peleemos contra los hijos de Amón. 7Y Jefté respondió a los ancianos de Galaad: ¿No me habéis aborrecido vosotros, y me echasteis de la casa de mi padre? ¿Por qué, pues, venís ahora a mí cuando estáis en aflicción? 8Y los ancianos de Galaad respondieron a Jefté: Por esta misma causa volvemos ahora a ti, para que vengas con nosotros, y pelees contra los hijos de Amón, y nos seas cabeza a todos los que moramos en Galaad. 9Jefté entonces dijo a los ancianos de Galaad: Si me hacéis volver para que pelee contra los hijos de Amón, y Jehová los entrega delante de mí, ¿seré yo vuestra cabeza? 10Y los ancianos de Galaad respondieron a Jefté: Jehová sea testigo entre nosotros, si no hacemos como tú dices. 11Entonces Jefté vino con los ancianos de Galaad, y el pueblo lo eligió por su cabeza y príncipe; y Jefté habló todas sus palabras delante de Jehová en Mizpa. 12Y envió Jefté embajadores al rey de los hijos de Amón, diciendo: ¿Qué tienes tú conmigo que has venido a mí para hacer guerra en mi tierra? 13Y el rey de los amonitas respondió a los embajadores de Jefté: Por cuanto Israel tomó mi tierra, cuando subió de Egipto, desde Arnón hasta Jaboc y el Jordán; por tanto, devuélvelas ahora en paz. 14Y Jefté volvió a enviar otros embajadores al rey de los amonitas, 15para decirle: Jefté ha dicho así: Israel no tomó tierra de Moab, ni tierra de los hijos de Amón: 16Mas subiendo Israel de Egipto, anduvo por el desierto hasta el Mar Rojo, y llegó a Cades. 17Entonces Israel envió embajadores al rey de Edom, diciendo: Yo te ruego que me dejes pasar por tu tierra. Mas el rey de Edom no los escuchó. Envió también al rey de Moab; el cual tampoco quiso. Israel, por tanto, se quedó en Cades. 18Después, yendo por el desierto, rodeó la tierra de Edom y la tierra de Moab, y viniendo por el lado oriental de la tierra de Moab, acampó en el otro lado de Arnón, y no entraron por el término de Moab; porque Arnón era la frontera de Moab. 19Y envió Israel embajadores a Sehón rey de los amorreos, rey de Hesbón, y le dijo Israel: Te ruego que me dejes pasar por tu tierra hasta mi lugar. 20Mas Sehón no se fió de Israel para darle paso por su término; sino que reuniendo Sehón a toda su gente, acampó en Jahaza, y peleó contra Israel. 21Pero Jehová Dios de Israel entregó a Sehón y a todo su pueblo en mano de Israel, y los venció; y poseyó Israel toda la tierra del amorreo que habitaba en aquel país. 22Poseyeron también todo el término del amorreo desde Arnón hasta Jaboc, y desde el desierto hasta el Jordán. 23Así que Jehová Dios de Israel echó a los amorreos de delante de su pueblo Israel; ¿y lo has de poseer tú? 24¿No poseerás tú lo que Quemos, tu dios, te dé por posesión? Así poseeremos nosotros a todo aquel que echó Jehová nuestro Dios de delante de nosotros. 25¿Eres tú ahora mejor en algo que Balac hijo de Zipor, rey de Moab? ¿Tuvo él pleito contra Israel, o hizo guerra contra ellos? 26Cuando Israel ha estado habitando por trescientos años a Hesbón y sus aldeas, a Aroer y sus aldeas, y todas las ciudades que están a los términos de Arnón, ¿por qué no las habéis reclamado en ese tiempo? 27Así que, yo en nada he pecado contra ti, mas tú me haces mal haciendo guerra contra mí: Jehová, que es el Juez, juzgue hoy entre los hijos de Israel y los hijos de Amón. 28Mas el rey de los hijos de Amón no atendió a las razones que Jefté le envió. 29Y el Espíritu de Jehová vino sobre Jefté; y pasó por Galaad y Manasés; y de allí pasó a Mizpa de Galaad; y de Mizpa de Galaad pasó a los hijos de Amón. 30Y Jefté hizo voto a Jehová, diciendo: Si en verdad entregas a los hijos de Amón en mis manos, 31sucederá que, cualquiera que salga de las puertas de mi casa a recibirme cuando yo vuelva en paz de los hijos de Amón, será de Jehová, y lo ofreceré en holocausto. 32Y Jefté pasó adonde estaban los hijos de Amón para pelear contra ellos; y Jehová los entregó en su mano. 33Y los hirió de grandísimo estrago desde Aroer hasta llegar a Minit, veinte ciudades; y hasta la vega de las viñas. Así fueron sometidos los hijos de Amón delante de los hijos de Israel. 34Y cuando Jefté llegó a su casa en Mizpa, he aquí que su hija salió a recibirle con panderos y danzas, y ella era su única hija; fuera de ella no tenía hijo ni hija. 35Y aconteció que cuando él la vio, rasgó sus ropas, diciendo: ¡Ay, hija mía! en verdad me has abatido, y tú eres de los que me afligen; porque he abierto mi boca a Jehová, y no podré retractarme. 36Ella entonces le respondió: Padre mío, si has abierto tu boca a Jehová, haz de mí como salió de tu boca, pues que Jehová ha hecho venganza en tus enemigos, los hijos de Amón. 37Y además dijo a su padre: Permite que me sea hecho esto; deja que por dos meses vaya yo y descienda por los montes y llore mi virginidad, yo y mis compañeras. 38Él entonces dijo: Ve. Y la dejó por dos meses. Y ella fue con sus compañeras, y lloró su virginidad por los montes. 39Y aconteció que pasados los dos meses ella volvió a su padre, quien hizo con ella conforme a su voto que había hecho. Y ella nunca conoció varón. 40De aquí fue la costumbre en Israel que de año en año iban las doncellas de Israel a endechar a la hija de Jefté galaadita, cuatro días en el año.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 JEPHTHAH. (
Judg 11:1-
Judg 11:3)
Jephthah--"opener."
son of an harlot--a concubine, or foreigner; implying an inferior sort of marriage prevalent in Eastern countries. Whatever dishonor might attach to his birth, his own high and energetic character rendered him early a person of note.
Gilead begat Jephthah--His father seems to have belonged to the tribe of Manasseh (
1Chr 7:14,
1Chr 7:17).
2 Thou shalt not inherit in our father's house--As there were children by the legitimate wife, the son of the secondary one was not entitled to any share of the patrimony, and the prior claim of the others was indisputable. Hence, as the brothers of Jephthah seem to have resorted to rude and violent treatment, they must have been influenced by some secret ill-will.
3 Jephthah . . . dwelt in the land of Tob--on the north of Gilead, beyond the frontier of the Hebrew territories (
2Sam 10:6,
2Sam 10:8).
there were gathered vain men to Jephthah--idle, daring, or desperate.
and went out with him--followed him as a military chief. They led a freebooting life, sustaining themselves by frequent incursions on the Ammonites and other neighboring people, in the style of Robin Hood. The same kind of life is led by many an Arab or Tartar still, who as the leader of a band, acquires fame by his stirring or gallant adventures. It is not deemed dishonorable when the expeditions are directed against those out of his own tribe or nation. Jephthah's mode of life was similar to that of David when driven from the court of Saul.
4 THE GILEADITES COVENANT WITH JEPHTHAH. (
Judg 11:4-
Judg 11:11)
in process of time--on the return of the season.
the children of Ammon made war against Israel--Having prepared the way by the introduction of Jephthah, the sacred historian here resumes the thread of his narrative from
Judg 10:17. The Ammonites seem to have invaded the country, and active hostilities were inevitable.
5 the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah--All eyes were directed towards him as the only person possessed of the qualities requisite for the preservation of the country in this time of imminent danger; and a deputation of the chief men was despatched from the Hebrew camp at Mizpeh to solicit his services.
7 Jephthah said, Did not ye hate me?--He gave them at first a haughty and cold reception. It is probable that he saw some of his brothers among the deputies. Jephthah was now in circumstances to make his own terms. With his former experience, he would have shown little wisdom or prudence without binding them to a clear and specific engagement to invest him with unlimited authority, the more especially as he was about to imperil his life in their cause. Although ambition might, to a certain degree, have stimulated his ready compliance, it is impossible to overlook the piety of his language, which creates a favorable impression that his roving life, in a state of social manners so different from ours, was not incompatible with habits of personal religion.
10 the elders of Israel said unto Jephthah, The Lord be witness between us--Their offer being accompanied by the most solemn oath, Jephthah intimated his acceptance of the mission, and his willingness to accompany them. But to make "assurance doubly sure," he took care that the pledge given by the deputies in Tob should be ratified in a general assembly of the people at Mizpeh; and the language of the historian, "Jephthah uttered all his words before the Lord," seems to imply that his inauguration with the character and extraordinary office of judge was solemnized by prayer for the divine blessing, or some religious ceremonial.
12 HIS EMBASSY TO THE KING OF AMMON. (Jdg. 11:12-28)
Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appear that hostilities were forced upon him, but to try measures for avoiding, if possible, an appeal to arms: and in pursuing such a course he was acting as became a leader in Israel (
Deut 20:10-
Deut 20:18).
13 the king of Ammon . . ., Because Israel took away my land--(See on
Deut 2:19). The subject of quarrel was a claim of right advanced by the Ammonite monarch to the lands which the Israelites were occupying. Jephthah's reply was clear, decisive, and unanswerable;--first, those lands were not in the possession of the Ammonites when his countrymen got them, and that they had been acquired by right of conquest from the Amorites [
Judg 11:21]; secondly, the Israelites had now, by a lapse of three hundred years of undisputed possession, established a prescriptive right to the occupation [
Judg 11:22-
Judg 11:23]; and thirdly, having received a grant of them from the Lord, his people were entitled to maintain their right on the same principle that guided the Ammonites in receiving, from their god Chemosh, the territory they now occupied [
Judg 11:24]. This diplomatic statement, so admirable for the clearness and force of its arguments, concluded with a solemn appeal to God to maintain, by the issue of events, the cause of right and justice [
Judg 11:27].
28 Howbeit the king of the children of Ammon hearkened not unto the words of Jephthah--His remonstrances to the aggressor were disregarded, and war being inevitable, preparations were made for a determined resistance.
29 HIS VOW. (
Judg 11:29-
Judg 11:31)
Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah--The calm wisdom, sagacious forethought, and indomitable energy which he was enabled to display, were a pledge to himself and a convincing evidence to his countrymen, that he was qualified by higher resources than his own for the momentous duties of his office.
he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh--the provinces most exposed and in danger, for the purpose of levying troops, and exciting by his presence a widespread interest in the national cause. Returning to the camp at Mizpeh, he then began his march against the enemy. There he made his celebrated vow, in accordance with an ancient custom for generals at the outbreak of a war, or on the eve of a battle, to promise the god of their worship a costly oblation, or dedication of some valuable booty, in the event of victory. Vows were in common practice also among the Israelites. They were encouraged by the divine approval as emanating from a spirit of piety and gratitude; and rules were laid down in the law for regulating the performance. But it is difficult to bring Jephthah's vow within the legitimate range (see on
Lev 27:28).
31 whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me--This evidently points not to an animal, for that might have been a dog; which, being unclean, was unfit to be offered; but to a person, and it looks extremely as if he, from the first, contemplated a human sacrifice. Bred up as he had been, beyond the Jordan, where the Israelitish tribes, far from the tabernacle, were looser in their religious sentiments, and living latterly on the borders of a heathen country where such sacrifices were common, it is not improbable that he may have been so ignorant as to imagine that a similar immolation would be acceptable to God. His mind, engrossed with the prospect of a contest, on the issue of which the fate of his country depended, might, through the influence of superstition, consider the dedication of the object dearest to him the most likely to ensure success.
shall surely be the Lord's; and [or] I will offer it up for a burnt offering--The adoption of the latter particle, which many interpreters suggest, introduces the important alternative, that if it were a person, the dedication would be made to the service of the sanctuary; if a proper animal or thing, it would be offered on the altar.
32 HE OVERCOMES THE AMMONITES. (
Judg 11:32-
Judg 11:33)
Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon . . . and the Lord delivered them into his hands--He met and engaged them at Aroer, a town in the tribe of Gad, upon the Arnon. A decisive victory crowned the arms of Israel, and the pursuit was continued to Abel (plain of the vineyards), from south to north, over an extent of about sixty miles.
34 Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (
1Sam 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtless have been taken to place another object at his door. The shriek, and other accompaniments of irrepressible grief, seem to indicate that her life was to be forfeited as a sacrifice; the nature of the sacrifice (which was abhorrent to the character of God) and distance from the tabernacle does not suffice to overturn this view, which the language and whole strain of the narrative plainly support; and although the lapse of two months might be supposed to have afforded time for reflection, and a better sense of his duty, there is but too much reason to conclude that he was impelled to the fulfilment by the dictates of a pious but unenlightened conscience.