1Und wenn eine Seele sündigt, indem sie die Stimme der Verwünschung hört und Zeuge war, sei es, daß sie es sah oder wußte, wenn sie es nicht ansagt, so trägt sie ihre Missetat; 2Oder wenn eine Seele irgendein unreines Ding berührt hat, entweder das Aas eines unreinen Wildes oder das Aas eines unreinen Viehs, oder das Aas eines unreinen Kriechtiers, und es ist vor ihm verborgen, so ist er unrein und verschuldet; 3Oder wenn er das Unreine eines Menschen, irgendeine Unreinheit von ihm berührt, durch die er unrein geworden, und es ihm verborgen war; wenn er es weiß, so ist er verschuldet; 4Oder wenn eine Seele einen Schwur tut, der ihm über die Lippen fährt, er wolle etwas tun, sei es zum Bösen oder zum Guten, nach allem, was dem Menschen mit einem Schwur entfahren mag, und es ihm verborgen war; wenn er es weiß, und er ist verschuldet durch eines dergleichen; 5So geschehe es, wenn er verschuldet ist durch eines von diesen, so bekenne er, womit er gesündigt hat, 6Und bringe sein Schuldopfer zu Jehovah für seine Sünde, die er gesündigt, ein Weibliches vom Kleinvieh, ein Schaf oder eine zottige Ziege zum Sündopfer, und der Priester sühne ihn ob seiner Sünde. 7Und wenn seine Hand nicht hinreicht genug zu einem Stück Kleinvieh, so bringe er Jehovah für die Schuld, die er gesündigt, zwei Turteltauben oder zwei junge Tauben, eine als Sündopfer und eine als Brandopfer. 8Und bringe sie zu dem Priester, und er bringe die für das Sündopfer zuerst dar, und knicke ihr ihren Kopf ab vorne am Genick, trenne ihn aber nicht ab. 9Und spritze von dem Blut des Sündopfers auf die Wand des Altars; und was vom Blut bleibt, werde an den Grund des Altars ausgedrückt. Ein Sündopfer ist es. 10Und die zweite mache er zum Brandopfer gemäß der Weise, und der Priester sühne ihn von seiner Sünde, die er gesündigt, und es wird im vergeben. 11Und reicht seine Hand nicht hin zu zwei Turteltauben oder zwei jungen Tauben, so bringe er als seine Opfergabe für seine Sünde das Zehntel eines Ephah Semmelmehl als Sündopfer. Er tue kein Öl daran und gebe keinen Weihrauch darauf; denn ein Sündopfer ist es; 12Und bringe es zu dem Priester, und der Priester nehme eine Handvoll davon als dessen Gedenkteil und zünde es auf dem Altar an, auf den Feueropfern Jehovahs. Ein Sündopfer ist es. 13Und der Priester sühne ihn für seine Sünde, die er wider deren eines gesündigt, und es wird ihm vergeben. Und es soll des Priesters sein, wie das Speiseopfer. 14Und Jehovah redete mit Mose und sprach: 15Wenn eine Seele eine Untreue begeht, und sich durch Versehen versündigt an dem, was Jehovah geheiligt ist, so bringe sie dem Jehovah als sein Schuldopfer einen Widder ohne Fehl von dem Kleinvieh nach deiner Schätzung nach den Schekeln Silbers, nach dem Schekel des Heiligtums, zum Schuldopfer. 16Und das, was er gesündigt hat am Geheiligten, erstatte er, und tue ein Fünftel darauf hinzu und gebe es dem Priester, und der Priester sühne über ihm mit dem Widder des Schuldopfers, und es wird ihm vergeben. 17Und wenn eine Seele sich versündigt, und wider irgendeines der Gebote Jehovahs tut, was nicht getan werden sollte, es aber nicht weiß, und dadurch sich verschuldet, und trägt seine Missetat, 18So bringe er einen Widder von dem Kleinvieh ohne Fehl nach deiner Schätzung, als Schuldopfer dem Priester, und der Priester sühne über ihm für sein Versehen, worin er sich versehen, ohne daß er es wußte; und es wird ihm vergeben. 19Ein Schuldopfer ist es; er ist Jehovah verschuldet. 20Und Jehovah redete zu Mose und sprach: 21So eine Seele sich versündigt und Untreue gegen Jehovah begeht, indem er seinem Nächsten Anvertrautes oder in seine Hand Hinterlegtes oder Entrissenes ableugnet, oder von seinem Nächsten erpreßt, 22Oder Verlorenes gefunden hat und es ableugnet und zur Lüge schwört, in irgendeinem von allem, das ein Mensch tun mag, sich daran zu versündigen; 23So es geschieht, daß er sich versündigt und verschuldet hat, so gebe er das Entrissene zurück, das er entrissen, oder das Erpreßte, das er erpreßt, oder das Anvertraute, das ihm anvertraut worden, oder das Verlorene, das er gefunden; 24Oder von allem, worüber er zur Lüge geschworen, erstatte er nach seiner Summe und tue hinzu den fünften Teil darauf und gebe es dem, welchem es gehört, am Tage seines Schuldopfers. 25Und als sein Schuldopfer bringe er Jehovah einen Widder ohne Fehl von dem Kleinvieh nach deiner Schätzung, als Schuldopfer dem Priester. 26Und der Priester sühne über ihm vor Jehovah, und es wird ihm vergeben wegen irgendeinem, das er getan, sich damit zu verschulden.
Matthew Henry - Complete Commentary 1 I. The offences here supposed are, 1. A man's concealing the truth when he was sworn as a witness to speak the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Judges among the Jews had power to adjure not only the witnesses, as with us, but the person suspected (contrary to a rule of our law, that no man is bound to accuse himself), as appears by the high priest adjuring our Saviour, who thereupon answered, though before he stood silent,
Matt 26:63,
Matt 26:64. Now (
Lev 5:1),
If a soul sin (that is, a person, for the soul is the man), if he
hear the voice of swearing (that is, if he be adjured to testify what he knows, by an
oath of the Lord upon him,
1Kgs 8:31), if in such a case, for fear of offending one that either has been his friend or may be his enemy, he refuses to give evidence, or gives it but in part,
he shall bear his iniquity. And that is a heavy burden, which, if some course be not taken to get it removed, will sink a man to the lowest hell. He that
heareth cursing (that is, that is thus adjured) and betrayeth it not (that is, stifles his evidence, and does not utter it), he is a partner with the sinner, and
hateth his own soul; see
Prov 29:24. Let all that are called out at any time to bear testimony think of this law, and be free and open in their evidence, and take heed of prevaricating. An oath of the Lord is a sacred thing, and not to be dallied with. 2. A man's touching any thing that was ceremonially unclean,
Lev 5:2,
Lev 5:3. If a man, polluted by such touch, came into the sanctuary inconsiderately, or if he neglected to wash himself according to the law, then he was to look upon himself as under guilt, and must bring his offering. Though his touching the unclean thing contracted only a ceremonial defilement, yet his neglect to wash himself according to the law was such an instance either of carelessness or contempt as contracted a moral guilt. If at first it be
hidden from him, yet when he knows it he
shall be guilty. Note, As soon as ever God by his Spirit convinces our consciences of any sin or duty we must immediately set in with the conviction, and prosecute it, as those that are not ashamed to own our former mistake. 3. Rash swearing. If a man binds himself by an oath that he will do or not do such a thing, and the performance of his oath afterwards proves either unlawful or impracticable, by which he is discharged from the obligation, yet he must bring an offering to atone for his fully in swearing so rashly, as David that he would kill Nabal. And then it was that he must
say before the angel that it
was an error, Qoh 5:6.
He shall be guilty in one of these (
Lev 5:4), guilty if he do not perform his oath, and yet, if the matter of it were evil, guilty if he do. Such wretched dilemmas as these do some men bring themselves into by their own rashness and folly; go which way they will their consciences are wounded, sin stares them in the face, so sadly are they
snared in the words of their mouth. A more sad dilemma this is than that of the lepers, If we sit still, we die; if we stir, we die. Wisdom and watchfulness beforehand would prevent these straits.
II. Now in these cases, 1. The offender must confess his sin and bring his offering (
Lev 5:5,
Lev 5:6); and the offering was not accepted unless it was accompanied with a penitential confession and a humble prayer for pardon. Observe, The confession must be particular,
that he hath sinned in that thing; such was David's confession (
Pss 51:4),
I have done this evil; and Achan's (
Josh 7:20),
Thus and thus have I done. Deceit lies in generals; many will own in general they have sinned, for that all must own, so that it is not any particular reproach to them; but that they have sinned
in this thing they stand too much upon their honour to acknowledge: but the way to be well assured of pardon, and to be well armed against sin for the future, is to be particular in our penitent confessions. 2. The priest must
make atonement for him. As the atonement was not accepted without his repentance, so his repentance would not justify him without the atonement. Thus, in our reconciliation to God, Christ's part and ours are both needful.
7 Provision is here made for the poor of God's people, and the pacifying of their consciences under the sense of guilt. Those that were not able to bring a lamb might bring for a sin-offering a pair of
turtle-doves or
two young pigeons; nay, if any were so extremely poor that they were not able to procure these so often as they would have occasion, they might bring a pottle of fine flour, and this should be accepted. Thus the expense of the sin-offering was brought lower than that of any other offering, to teach us that no man's poverty shall ever be a bar in the way of his pardon. The poorest of all may have atonement made for them, if it be not their own fault. Thus the poor are evangelized; and no man shall say that he had not wherewithal to bear the charges of a journey to heaven. Now,
I. If the sinner brought two doves, one was to be offered for a sin-offering and the other for a burnt-offering,
Lev 5:7. Observe, 1. Before he offered the burnt-offering, which was for the honour and praise of God, he must offer the sin-offering, to make atonement. We must first see to it that our peace be made with God, and then we may expect that our services for his glory will be accepted. The sin-offering must make way for the burnt-offering. 2. After the sin-offering, which made atonement, came the burnt-offering, as an acknowledgment of the great mercy of God in appointing and accepting the atonement.
II. If he brought fine flour, a handful of it was to be offered, but without either oil or frankincense (
Lev 5:11), not only because this would make it too costly for the poor, for whose comfort this sacrifice was appointed, but because it was a sin-offering, and therefore, to show the loathsomeness of the sin for which it was offered, it must not be made grateful either to the taste by oil or to the smell by frankincense. The unsavouriness of the offering was to intimate that the sinner must never relish his sin again as he had done. God by these sacrifices did speak, 1. Comfort to those that had offended, that they might not despair, nor pine away in their iniquity; but, peace being thus made for them with God, they might have peace in him. 2. Caution likewise not to offend any more, remembering what an expensive troublesome thing it was to make atonement.
14 Hitherto in this chapter orders were given concerning those sacrifices that were both sin-offerings and trespass-offerings, for they go by both names,
Lev 5:6. Here we have the law concerning those that were properly and peculiarly
trespass-offerings, which were offered to atone for trespasses done against a neighbour, those sins we commonly call trespasses. Now injuries done to another may be either in holy things or in common things; of the former we have the law in these verses; of the latter in the beginning of the next chapter. If a man
did harm (as it is
Lev 5:16)
in the holy things of the Lord, he thereby committed a trespass against the priests, the Lord's ministers, who were entrusted with the care of these holy things, and had the benefit of them. Now if a man did alienate or convert to his own use any thing that was dedicated to God, unwittingly, he was to bring this sacrifice; as suppose he had ignorantly made use of the tithes, or first-fruits, or first-born of his cattle, or (which, it should seem by
Lev 22:14-
Lev 22:16, is principally meant here) had eaten any of those parts of the sacrifices which were appropriated to the priests; this was a trespass. It is supposed to be done through mistake, or forgetfulness, for want either of care or zeal; for if it was done presumptuously, and in contempt of the law, the offender died without mercy,
Hebre 10:28. But in case of negligence and ignorance this sacrifice was appointed; and Moses is told, 1. What must be done in case the trespass appeared to be certain. The trespasser must bring an offering to the Lord, which, in all those that were purely trespass-offerings, must be a
ram without blemish, of the second year, say the Jewish doctors. He must likewise make restitution to the priest, according to a just estimation of the thing which he had so alienated, adding a fifth part to it, that he might learn to take more heed next time of embezzling what was sacred to God, finding to his cost that there was nothing got by it, and that he paid dearly for his oversights. 2. What must be done in case it were doubtful whether he had trespassed or no; he had cause to suspect it, but he
wist it not (
Lev 5:17), that is, he was not very certain; in this case, because it is good to be sure, he must bring his trespass-offering, and the value of that which he feared he had embezzled, only he was not to add the fifth part to it. Now this was designed to show the very great evil there is in sacrilege. Achan, that was guilty of it presumptuously, died for it; so did Ananias and Sapphira. But this goes further to show the evil of it, that if a man had, through mere ignorance, and unwittingly, alienated the holy things, nay, if he did but suspect that he had done so, he must be at the expense, not only of a full restitution with interest, but of an offering, with the trouble of bringing it, and must take shame to himself, by making confession of it; so bad a thing is it to invade God's property, and so cautious should we be to abstain from all appearances of this evil. We are also taught here to be jealous over ourselves with a godly jealousy, to ask pardon for the sin, and make satisfaction for the wrong, which we do but suspect ourselves guilty of. In doubtful cases we should take and keep the safer side.