1Und JehovaH3068 redeteH559 zu MoseH4872 und AaronH175 im LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714 und sprachH559 : 2Dieser MonatH2320 soll euch der AnfangH7223 der MonateH2320 sein, er soll euch der ersteH7218 sein von den MonatenH2320 des JahresH8141. 3RedetH1696 zu der ganzen GemeindeH5712 IsraelH3478 undH559 sprechet: Am ZehntenH6218 dieses MonatsH2320, da nehmeH3947 sich einH376 jeder ein LammH7716 fürH1004 ein VaterhausH1, ein LammH7716 für ein HausH1004. 4Und wenn das HausH1004 nicht zahlreich genug istH3947 für einH376 LammH7716, so nehme er es und seinH1961 NachbarH7934, der nächste an seinem HauseH1004, nachH6310 der Zahl der SeelenH5315; einen jeden sollt ihr nach dem Maße seines Essens rechnen auf das LammH7716. 5Ein LammH7716 ohne FehlH8549 sollt ihr haben, ein männliches, einjährig; von den SchafenH3532 oder von den ZiegenH5795 sollt ihr es nehmenH3947. 6UndH3605 ihr sollt es in Verwahrung haben bis auf den vierzehntenH6240 TagH3117 dieses MonatsH2320; und die ganze VersammlungH6951 der GemeindeH5712 IsraelH3478 soll es schlachtenH7819 zwischenH996 den zwei Abenden. 7Und sie sollen von dem Blute nehmenH3947 und es an die beidenH8147 PfostenH4201 und an die OberschwelleH4947 tunH5414, an den HäusernH1004, in welchen sie es essenH398. 8Und sie sollen in selbiger NachtH3915 das FleischH1320 essenH398, gebratenH6748 am FeuerH784, und ungesäuertes BrotH4682; mit bitterenH4844 Kräutern sollen sie es essenH398. 9Ihr sollt nichts rohH4995 davon essenH398 und keineswegs imH7130 WasserH4325 gesottenH1310, sondern am FeuerH784 gebratenH6748 : seinen KopfH7218 samt seinen SchenkelnH3767 und samt seinem Eingeweide. 10Und ihr sollt nichts davon übriglassenH3498 bis an den MorgenH1242; und was davon bis an den MorgenH1242 übrigbleibtH3498, sollt ihr mit FeuerH784 verbrennenH8313. 11Und alsoH3602 sollt ihr es essenH398 : Eure LendenH4975 gegürtet, eure SchuheH5275 an euren FüßenH7272 und euren StabH4731 in eurer HandH3027; und ihr sollt es essenH398 in EileH2649. Es ist das PassahH6453 JehovasH3068. 12UndH6213 ich werde in dieser NachtH3915 durch das LandH776 ÄgyptenH4714 gehenH5674 und alle ErstgeburtH1060 im LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714 schlagenH5221 vom MenschenH120 bis zum ViehH929, und ich werde GerichtH8201 üben an allen GötternH430 ÄgyptensH4714, ich, JehovaH3068. 13Und das BlutH1818 soll euch zum ZeichenH226 sein an den HäusernH1004, worin ihr seid; und seheH7200 ich das BlutH1818, so werde ich an euch vorübergehenH6452; und es wird keine PlageH5063 zum VerderbenH4889 unter euch sein, wenn ich das LandH776 ÄgyptenH4714 schlageH5221. 14Und dieser TagH3117 soll euch zum GedächtnisH2146 sein, und ihr sollt ihn feiernH2287 als FestH2282 dem JehovaH3068; als ewigeH5769 SatzungH2708 bei euren GeschlechternH1755 sollt ihr ihn feiernH2287. 15SiebenH7651 TageH3117 sollt ihr UngesäuertesH4682 essenH398; ja, am erstenH7223 TageH3117 sollt ihr den SauerteigH7603 aus euren HäusernH1004 wegtun; denn jeder, der GesäuertesH2557 isset, von dem erstenH7223 TageH3117 bis zu dem siebten TageH3117, selbige SeeleH5315 soll ausgerottet werdenH3772 aus IsraelH3478. 16Und am erstenH7223 TageH3117 soll euch eine heiligeH6944 Versammlung und am siebten TageH3117 eine heiligeH6944 Versammlung sein; keinerlei ArbeitH4399 soll an ihnen getanH6213 werden; nurH389 was von jeder SeeleH5315 gegessenH398 wird, das allein soll von euch bereitetH6213 werden. 17Und so beobachtet das Fest der ungesäuertenH4682 Brote; denn an diesemH6106 selbigen TageH3117 habe ich eure Heere ausH3318 dem LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714 herausgeführt. Und ihrH8104 solltH8104 diesen TagH3117 beobachten bei euren GeschlechternH1755 als ewigeH5769 SatzungH2708. 18Im erstenH7223 MonatH2320, am vierzehntenH702 TageH3117 des MonatsH2320, am AbendH6153, sollt ihr UngesäuertesH4682 essenH398 bis zu dem einundzwanzigsten H259 H6242 H3117 Tage des Monats, am AbendH6153. 19SiebenH7651 TageH3117 soll kein SauerteigH7603 in euren HäusernH1004 gefundenH4672 werdenH3772; denn jeder, der GesäuertesH2556 isset, selbige SeeleH5315 soll aus der GemeindeH5712 IsraelH3478 ausgerottet werden, er sei FremdlingH1616 oder Eingeborener des LandesH776. 20Nichts GesäuertesH2556 sollt ihr essenH398; in allen euren WohnungenH4186 sollt ihr UngesäuertesH4682 essenH398. 21Und MoseH4872 riefH7121 alle ÄltestenH2205 IsraelsH3478 und sprachH559 zu ihnen: Greifet und nehmetH3947 euch KleinviehH6629 nach euren Familien und schlachtetH7819 das PassahH6453; 22und nehmet einen BüschelH92 YsopH231 und tauchet ihn in das BlutH1818, das in dem BeckenH5592 istH3947, und streichet vonH3318 dem Blute, das in dem BeckenH5592 ist, anH5060 die OberschwelleH4947 und an die beidenH8147 PfostenH4201; ihr aber, keinerH376 von euch soll zur Türe seines HausesH1004 hinausgehen bis an den MorgenH1242. 23Und JehovaH3068 wirdH5062 hindurchgehen, die ÄgypterH4714 zu schlagen; und siehtH7200 erH5414 das BlutH1818 an der OberschwelleH4947 und an den beidenH8147 PfostenH4201, so wirdH5062 JehovaH3068 an der TürH6607 vorübergehenH6452 und wird dem VerderberH7843 nicht erlauben, inH5674 eure HäuserH1004 zu kommenH935, um zu schlagen. 24UndH2706 ihr solltH8104 dieses beobachten als eine Satzung für dich und deine KinderH1121 ewiglichH5704. 25Und es soll geschehen, wenn ihr in das LandH776 kommet, das JehovaH3068 euch gebenH5414 wird, so wie erH935 geredet hatH1696, so solltH8104 ihr diesen DienstH5656 beobachten. 26Und es soll geschehen, wenn eure KinderH1121 zu euch sagenH559 werden: Was soll euch dieser DienstH5656? 27so sollt ihr sagen: Es istH5337 ein PassahopferH2077 dem JehovaH3068, der anH7812 den HäusernH1004 der KinderH1121 IsraelH3478 in ÄgyptenH4714 vorübergingH6452, als erH559 die ÄgypterH4714 schlugH5062 und unsere HäuserH1004 rettete. Und das VolkH5971 neigte sichH6915 und betete an. 28Und die KinderH1121 IsraelH3478 gingenH3212 hin und tatenH6213 es; so wie JehovaH3068 MoseH4872 und AaronH175 geboten hatteH6213, also taten sieH6680. 29Und es geschah um Mitternacht, da schlugH5221 JehovaH3068 alle ErstgeburtH1060 im LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714, von dem ErstgeborenenH1060 des PharaoH6547, der auf seinem Throne saßH3427, bis zum ErstgeborenenH1060 des GefangenenH7628, der im Kerker war, und alle ErstgeburtH1060 des ViehsH929. 30Und der PharaoH6547 stand in der NachtH3915 aufH6965, er und alle seine KnechteH5650 und alle ÄgypterH4714, und es entstand ein großesH1419 GeschreiH6818 in ÄgyptenH4714; denn es warH4191 kein HausH1004, worin nicht ein Toter war. 31Und er riefH7121 MoseH4872 und AaronH175 inH8432 der NachtH3915 und sprachH559 : Machet euch aufH6965, ziehet weg ausH3318 der Mitte meines VolkesH5971, sowohl ihr als auch die KinderH1121 IsraelH3478, und gehet hinH3212, dienetH5647 JehovaH3068, wie ihr geredet habtH1696; 32auch euer KleinviehH6629 und eure RinderH1241 nehmetH3947 mit, so wie ihr geredet habtH1696, und gehet hinH3212 und segnetH1288 mich auch! 33UndH559 die ÄgypterH4714 drängten das VolkH5971, sieH2388 eilends aus dem LandeH776 ziehen zu lassen; denn sieH7971 sagten: Wir alle sind des TodesH4191! 34Und das VolkH5971 trugH5375 seinen TeigH1217, ehe er gesäuert warH2556, ihre Backschüsseln in ihre KleiderH8071 gebundenH6887, auf ihren SchulternH7926. 35Und die KinderH1121 IsraelH3478 tatenH6213 nach dem WorteH1697 MosesH4872 und fordertenH7592 von den ÄgypternH4714 silberneH3701 GeräteH3627 und goldeneH2091 GeräteH3627 und KleiderH8071. 36Und JehovaH3068 gabH5414 dem VolkeH5971 GnadeH2580 in den AugenH5869 der ÄgypterH4714, und sie gaben ihnen das Geforderte; und sie beraubten die ÄgypterH4714. 37Und die KinderH1121 IsraelH3478 brachen aufH5265 von RaemsesH7486 nach SukkothH5523, bei sechshunderttausend H8337 H3967 H505 H1397 H8337 H3967 H505 H1397 Mann zu FußH7273, die Männer ohneH905 die KinderH2945. 38Und auch vielH7227 Mischvolk zogH5927 mit ihnen herauf, und KleinviehH6629 und Rinder, sehrH3966 vielH3515 ViehH1241. 39Und sie backten den TeigH1217, den sie ausH3318 ÄgyptenH4714 gebracht hatten, zu ungesäuertenH4682 KuchenH5692; denn er warH2556 nicht gesäuert, weil sie aus ÄgyptenH4714 getrieben worden waren und nicht hatten verziehenH4102 könnenH3201; und sie hatten auch keine ZehrungH6720 für sich bereitetH6213. 40UndH8141 die Wohnzeit der KinderH1121 IsraelH3478, die sieH3427 in ÄgyptenH4714 zugebracht haben, ist vierhundertdreißig JahreH8141. 41UndH8141 es geschah am EndeH7093 der vierhundertdreißig JahreH8141, und es geschah an diesemH6106 selbigen TageH3117, daß alle Heere JehovasH3068 ausH3318 dem LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714 auszogen. 42Dies ist eine NachtH3915, die dem JehovaH3068 zu beobachten ist, weil er sie ausH3318 dem LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714 herausführte; diese selbige NachtH3915 gehört dem JehovaH3068, sie ist zu beobachten von allen KindernH1121 IsraelH3478 bei ihren GeschlechternH1755. 43Und JehovaH3068 redeteH559 zu MoseH4872 und AaronH175 : Dies ist die SatzungH2708 des PassahH6453 : Kein Fremdling soll davon essenH398; 44jedes MannesH376 KnechtH5650 aber, ein für GeldH3701 Erkaufter, wenn du ihn beschneidest, dann darf er davon essenH398. 45Ein BeisaßH8453 und ein MietlingH7916 soll nicht davon essenH398. 46In einemH259 HauseH1004 soll es gegessenH398 werden; du sollst nichts von dem FleischeH1320 ausH3318 dem HauseH1004 hinausbringen, und ihr sollt kein BeinH6106 an ihm zerbrechenH7665. 47Die ganze GemeindeH5712 IsraelH3478 soll es feiern. 48Und wenn ein FremdlingH1616 bei dir weilt und das PassahH6453 dem JehovaH3068 feiern willH6213, so werde alles MännlicheH2145 bei ihmH1481 beschnittenH4135, und dann komme er herzuH7126, es zuH6213 feiern; und er soll sein wie ein Eingeborener des LandesH776. Aber kein UnbeschnittenerH6189 soll davon essenH398. 49EinH259 GesetzH8451 soll sein für den Eingeborenen und für den FremdlingH1616, der inH8432 eurer Mitte weilt. 50Und alle KinderH1121 IsraelH3478 tatenH6213, wie JehovaH3068 MoseH4872 und AaronH175 geboten hatteH6213; also taten sieH6680. 51Und es geschah an diesemH6106 selbigen TageH3117, da führte JehovaH3068 die KinderH1121 IsraelH3478 ausH3318 dem LandeH776 ÄgyptenH4714 heraus nach ihren HeerenH6635.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 THE PASSOVER INSTITUTED. (
Exod 12:1-
Exod 12:10)
the Lord spake unto Moses--rather, "had spoken unto Moses and Aaron"; for it is evident that the communication here described must have been made to them on or before the tenth of the month.
2 this month shall be unto you the beginning of months--the first not only in order but in estimation. It had formerly been the seventh according to the reckoning of the civil year, which began in September, and continued unchanged, but it was thenceforth to stand first in the national religious year which began in March, April.
3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel--The recent events had prepared the Israelitish people for a crisis in their affairs, and they seem to have yielded implicit obedience at this time to Moses. It is observable that, amid all the hurry and bustle of such a departure, their serious attention was to be given to a solemn act of religion.
a lamb for an house--a kid might be taken (
Exod 12:5). The service was to be a domestic one, for the deliverance was to be from an evil threatened to every house in Egypt.
4 if the household be too little for the lamb, &c.--It appears from JOSEPHUS that ten persons were required to make up the proper paschal communion.
every man according to his eating--It is said that the quantity eaten of the paschal lamb, by each individual, was about the size of an olive.
5 lamb . . . without blemish--The smallest deformity or defect made a lamb unfit for sacrifice--a type of Christ (
Heb 7:26;
1Pet 1:19).
a male of the first year--Christ in the prime of life.
6 keep it up until the fourteenth day, &c.--Being selected from the rest of the flock, it was to be separated four days before sacrifice; and for the same length of time was Christ under examination and His spotless innocence declared before the world.
kill it in the evening--that is, the interval between the sun's beginning to decline, and sunset, corresponding to our three o'clock in the afternoon.
7 take of the blood, and strike it on the two side-posts, &c.--as a sign of safety to those within. The posts must be considered of tents, in which the Israelites generally lived, though some might be in houses. Though the Israelites were sinners as well as the Egyptians, God was pleased to accept the substitution of a lamb--the blood of which, being seen sprinkled on the doorposts, procured them mercy. It was to be on the sideposts and upper doorposts, where it might be looked to, not on the threshold, where it might be trodden under foot. This was an emblem of the blood of sprinkling (
Heb 12:24;
Heb 10:29).
8 roast with fire--for the sake of expedition; and this difference was always observed between the cooking of the paschal lamb and the other offerings (
2Chr 35:13).
unleavened bread--also for the sake of despatch (
Deut 16:3), but as a kind of corruption (
Luke 12:1) there seems to have been a typical meaning under it (
1Cor 5:8).
bitter herbs--literally, "bitters"--to remind the Israelites of their affliction in Egypt, and morally of the trials to which God's people are subject on account of sin.
9 Eat not of it raw--that is, with any blood remaining; a caveat against conformity to idolatrous practices. It was to be roasted whole, not a bone to be broken, and this pointed to Christ (
John 19:36).
10 let nothing of it remain until the morning--which might be applied in a superstitious manner, or allowed to putrefy, which in a hot climate would speedily have ensued; and which was not becoming in what had been offered to God.
11 THE RITE OF THE PASSOVER. (
Exod 12:11-
Exod 12:14)
thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet--as prepared for a journey. The first was done by the skirts of the loose outer cloth being drawn up and fastened in the girdle, so as to leave the leg and knee free for motion. As to the other, the Orientals never wear shoes indoors, and the ancient Egyptians, as appears from the monuments, did not usually wear either shoes or sandals. These injunctions seem to have applied chiefly to the first celebration of the rite.
it is the Lord's passover--called by this name from the blood-marked dwellings of the Israelites being passed over figuratively by the destroying angel.
12 smite . . . gods of Egypt--perhaps used here for princes and grandees. But, according to Jewish tradition, the idols of Egypt were all on that night broken in pieces (see
Num 33:4;
Isa 19:1).
14 for a memorial, &c.--The close analogy traceable in all points between the Jewish and Christian passovers is seen also in the circumstance that both festivals were instituted before the events they were to commemorate had transpired.
15 UNLEAVENED BREAD. (Exo. 12:15-51)
Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread, &c.--This was to commemorate another circumstance in the departure of the Israelites, who were urged to leave so hurriedly that their dough was unleavened (
Exod 12:39), and they had to eat unleavened cakes (
Deut 16:3). The greatest care was always taken by the Jews to free their houses from leaven--the owner searching every corner of his dwelling with a lighted candle. A figurative allusion to this is made (
1Cor 5:7). The exclusion of leaven for seven days would not be attended with inconvenience in the East, where the usual leaven is dough kept till it becomes sour, and it is kept from one day to another for the purpose of preserving leaven in readiness. Thus even were there none in all the country, it could be got within twenty-four hours [HARMER].
that soul shall be cut off--excommunicated from the community and privileges of the chosen people.
16 there shall be an holy convocation--literally, calling of the people, which was done by sound of trumpets (
Num 10:2), a sacred assembly--for these days were to be regarded as Sabbaths--excepting only that meat might be cooked on them (
Exod 16:23).
17 ye shall observe, &c.--The seven days of this feast were to commence the day after the passover. It was a distinct festival following that feast; but although this feast was instituted like the passover before the departure, the observance of it did not take place till after.
19 stranger--No foreigner could partake of the passover, unless circumcised; the "stranger" specified as admissible to the privilege must, therefore, be considered a Gentile proselyte.
21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, &c.--Here are given special directions for the observance.
22 hyssop--a small red moss [HASSELQUIST]; the caper-plant [ROYLE]. It was used in the sprinkling, being well adapted for such purposes, as it grows in bushes--putting out plenty of suckers from a single root. And it is remarkable that it was ordained in the arrangements of an all-wise Providence that the Roman soldiers should undesignedly, on their part, make use of this symbolical plant to Christ when, as our Passover, He was sacrificed for us [
John 19:29].
none . . . shall go out at the door of his house until the morning--This regulation was peculiar to the first celebration, and intended, as some think, to prevent any suspicion attaching to them of being agents in the impending destruction of the Egyptians; there is an allusion to it (
Isa 26:20).
26 when your children shall say, . . . What mean ye by this service--Independently of some observances which were not afterwards repeated, the usages practised at this yearly commemorative feast were so peculiar that the curiosity of the young would be stimulated, and thus parents had an excellent opportunity, which they were enjoined to embrace, for instructing each rising generation in the origin and leading facts of the national faith.
27 the people bowed the head, and worshipped--All the preceding directions were communicated through the elders, and the Israelites, being deeply solemnized by the influence of past and prospective events, gave prompt and faithful obedience.
29 at midnight the Lord smote all the first-born in the land of Egypt--At the moment when the Israelites were observing the newly instituted feast in the singular manner described, the threatened calamity overtook the Egyptians. It is more easy to imagine than describe the confusion and terror of that people suddenly roused from sleep and enveloped in darkness--none could assist their neighbors when the groans of the dying and the wild shrieks of mourners were heard everywhere around. The hope of every family was destroyed at a stroke. This judgment, terrible though it was, evinced the equity of divine retribution. For eighty years the Egyptians had caused the male children of the Israelites to be cast into the river [
Exod 1:16], and now all their own first-born fell under the stroke of the destroying angel. They were made, in the justice of God, to feel something of what they had made His people feel. Many a time have the hands of sinners made the snares in which they have themselves been entangled, and fallen into the pit which they have dug for the righteous [
Pro 28:10]. "Verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth" [
Ps 58:11].
30 there was not a house where there was not one dead--Perhaps this statement is not to be taken absolutely. The Scriptures frequently use the words "all," "none," in a comparative sense--and so in this case. There would be many a house in which there would be no child, and many in which the first-born might be already dead. What is to be understood is, that almost every house in Egypt had a death in it.
31 called for Moses and Aaron--a striking fulfilment of the words of Moses (
Exod 11:8), and showing that they were spoken under divine suggestion.
32 also take your flocks, &c.--All the terms the king had formerly insisted on were now departed from; his pride had been effectually humbled. Appalling judgments in such rapid succession showed plainly that the hand of God was against him. His own family bereavement had so crushed him to the earth that he not only showed impatience to rid his kingdom of such formidable neighbors, but even begged an interest in their prayers.
34 people took . . . their kneading-troughs--Having lived so long in Egypt, they must have been in the habit of using the utensils common in that country. The Egyptian kneading-trough was a bowl of wicker or rush work, and it admitted of being hastily wrapped up with the dough in it and slung over the shoulder in their hykes or loose upper garments.
35 children of Israel borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver--When the Orientals go to their sacred festivals, they always put on their best jewels. The Israelites themselves thought they were only going three days' journey to hold a feast unto the Lord, and in these circumstances it would be easy for them to borrow what was necessary for a sacred festival. But borrow conveys a wrong meaning. The word rendered borrow signifies properly to ask, demand, require. The Israelites had been kept in great poverty, having received little or no wages. They now insisted on full remuneration for all their labor, and it was paid in light and valuable articles adapted for convenient carriage.
36 the Lord gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians--Such a dread of them was inspired into the universal minds of the Egyptians, that whatever they asked was readily given.
spoiled the Egyptians--The accumulated earnings of many years being paid them at this moment, the Israelites were suddenly enriched, according to the promise made to Abraham (
Gen 15:14), and they left the country like a victorious army laden with spoil (
Ps 105:37;
Ezek 39:10).
37 The children of Israel journeyed from Rameses--now generally identified with the ancient Heroopolis, and fixed at the modern Abu-Keisheid. This position agrees with the statement that the scene of the miraculous judgments against Pharaoh was "in the field of Zoan" [
Ps 78:12,
Ps 78:43]. And it is probable that, in expectation of their departure, which the king on one pretext or another delayed, the Israelites had been assembled there as a general rendezvous. In journeying from Rameses to Palestine, there was a choice of two routes--the one along the shores of the Mediterranean to El-Arish, the other more circuitous round the head of the Red Sea and the desert of Sinai. The latter Moses was directed to take (
Exod 13:17).
to Succoth--that is, booths, probably nothing more than a place of temporary encampment. The Hebrew word signifies a covering or shelter formed by the boughs of trees; and hence, in memory of this lodgment, the Israelites kept the feast of tabernacles yearly in this manner.
six hundred thousand . . . men--It appears from
Num 1:3 that the enumeration is of men above twenty years of age. Assuming, what is now ascertained by statistical tables, that the number of males above that age is as nearly as possible the half of the total number of males, the whole male population of Israel, on this computation, would amount to 1,200,000; and adding an equal number for women and children, the aggregate number of Israelites who left Egypt would be 2,400,000.
38 a mixed multitude went with them--literally, "a great rabble" (see also
Num 11:4;
Deut 29:11); slaves, persons in the lowest grades of society, partly natives and partly foreigners, bound close to them as companions in misery, and gladly availing themselves of the opportunity to escape in the crowd. (Compare
Zech 8:23).
40 the sojourning of the children of Israel . . . four hundred and thirty years--The Septuagint renders it thus: "The sojourning of the children and of their fathers, which they sojourned in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt." These additions are important, for the period of sojourn in Egypt did not exceed two hundred fifteen years; but if we reckon from the time that Abraham entered Canaan and the promise was made in which the sojourn of his posterity in Egypt was announced, this makes up the time to four hundred thirty years.
41 even the selfsame day--implying an exact and literal fulfilment of the predicted period.
49 One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger--This regulation displays the liberal spirit of the Hebrew institutions. Any foreigner might obtain admission to the privileges of the nation on complying with their sacred ordinances. In the Mosaic equally as in the Christian dispensation, privilege and duty were inseparably conjoined.
