1Y HABLÓH559 JehováH3068 á MoisésH4872 y á AarónH175 en la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714, diciendoH559: 2Este mes os será principioH7218 de los mesesH2320; será este para vosotros el primeroH1931 en los mesesH2320 del añoH8141. 3HabladH1696 á todaH3605 la congregaciónH5712 de IsraelH3478, diciendoH559: En el diezH6218 de aqueste mesH2320 tómeseH3947 cadaH376 uno un corderoH7716 por las familiasH1004 de los padresH1, un corderoH7716 por familiaH1004: 4Mas siH518 la familiaH1004 fuereH1961 pequeñaH4591 que no baste á comer el corderoH7716, entonces tomaráH1931 á suH1931 vecinoH7934 inmediatoH7138 áH413 su casaH1004, y según el númeroH3947 de las personasH4373, cadaH400 uno conforme á suH400 comerH5315, echaréisH6310 laH1931 cuentaH3699 sobreH5921 el corderoH7716. 5El cordero será sin defectoH8549, machoH2145 de unH1121 añoH8141: tomaréislo deH4480 las ovejasH3532 ó deH4480 las cabrasH5795: 6Y habéis de guardarlo hastaH5704 el díaH3117 catorceH702 de este mesH2320; y lo inmolaráH7819 todaH3605 la congregaciónH6951 del pueblo de IsraelH3478 entreH996 las dos tardesH6153. 7Y tomaránH3947 deH4480 la sangreH1818, y pondránH5414 enH5921 los dosH8147 postesH4201 y enH5921 el dintelH4947 deH4480 las casasH1004 enH5921 queH834 lo han deH4480 comerH398. 8Y aquella noche comeránH398 la carneH1320 asadaH6748 al fuegoH784, y panes sin levaduraH4682: conH5921 hierbas amargasH4844 lo comeránH398. 9NingunaH408 cosa comeréisH398 deH4480 él crudaH4995, ni cocidaH1310 en aguaH4325, sino asadaH6748 al fuegoH784; su cabezaH7218 conH5921 sus piesH3767 y sus intestinos. 10NingunaH3808 cosa dejaréisH3498 deH4480 él hastaH5704 la mañanaH1242; y lo que habrá quedado hastaH5704 la mañanaH1242, habéis deH4480 quemarlo en el fuegoH784. 11Y asíH3602 habéis de comerloH398: ceñidosH2296 vuestros lomosH4975, vuestros zapatosH5275 en vuestros piesH7272, y vuestro bordónH4731 en vuestra manoH3027; y lo comeréisH398 apresuradamente: es la PascuaH6453 de JehováH3068. 12Pues yo pasaréH5674 aquella noche por la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714, y heriréH5221 á todoH3605 primogénitoH1060 en la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714, así en los hombresH120 como en las bestiasH929: y haréH6213 juiciosH8201 en todosH3605 los diosesH430 de EgiptoH4714. YoH589 JEHOVÁH3068. 13Y la sangreH1818 os seráH1961 por señalH226 enH5921 las casasH1004 dondeH834 vosotrosH859 estéis; y veréH7200 la sangreH1818, y pasaréH6452 deH5921 vosotrosH859, y noH3808 habráH1961 enH5921 vosotrosH859 plagaH5063 deH5921 mortandad, cuando heriréH5221 la tierraH776 deH5921 EgiptoH4714. 14Y este díaH3117 os ha de ser en memoriaH2146, y habéis de celebrarloH2287 como solemneH2282 á JehováH3068 durante vuestras generacionesH1755: por estatutoH2708 perpetuoH5769 lo celebraréisH2287. 15SieteH7651 díasH3117 comeréisH398 panes sin levaduraH4682; y asíH389 el primerH7223 díaH3117 haréis que no hayaH7673 levaduraH7603 en vuestras casasH1004: porqueH3588 cualquieraH3605 que comiereH398 leudadoH2557 desde el primerH7223 díaH3117 hasta el séptimoH7637, aquella alma será cortadaH3772 de IsraelH3478. 16El primerH7223 díaH3117 habrá santaH6944 convocaciónH4744, y asimismo en el séptimoH7637 díaH3117 tendréisH1961 una santaH6944 convocaciónH4744: ningunaH3605 obraH4399 se haráH6213 en ellos, exceptoH389 solamente queH834 aderecéis lo queH834 cadaH3605 cualH5315 hubiere de comerH398. 17Y guardaréisH8104 la fiesta de los ázimosH4682, porqueH3588 en aqueste mismo díaH3117 saquéH3318 vuestros ejércitosH6635 de la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714: por tanto guardaréisH8104 este díaH3117 en vuestras generacionesH1755 por costumbreH2708 perpetuaH5769. 18En el mes primeroH7223, el díaH3117 catorceH702 del mesH2320 por la tardeH6153, comeréisH398 los panes sin levaduraH4682, hastaH5704 el veintiunoH6242 H259 del mesH2320 por la tardeH6153. 19Por sieteH7651 díasH3117 noH3808 se hallaráH4672 levaduraH7603 en vuestras casasH1004, porqueH3588 cualquieraH3605 que comiere leudadoH398, asíH2557 extranjeroH1616 como naturalH249 del paísH776, aquella alma será cortadaH3772 de la congregaciónH5712 de IsraelH3478. 20NingunaH3605 cosa leudadaH2557 comeréisH398; en todasH3605 vuestras habitacionesH4186 comeréisH398 panes sin levaduraH4682. 21Y MoisésH4872 convocóH7121 á todosH3605 los ancianosH2205 de IsraelH3478, y díjolesH559: SacadH4900, y tomaosH3947 corderosH6629 por vuestras familiasH4940, y sacrificadH7819 la pascuaH6453. 22Y tomadH3947 un manojoH92 de hisopo, y mojadle en la sangreH1818 queH834 estará en una jofaina, y untadH5060 el dintelH4947 y los dosH8147 postesH4201 conH4480 la sangreH1818 queH834 estará en la jofaina; y ningunoH376 de vosotrosH859 salgaH3318 deH4480 las puertasH6607 deH4480 su casaH1004 hastaH5704 la mañanaH1242. 23Porque JehováH3068 pasará hiriendoH5674 á los EgipciosH4714; y como veráH7200 la sangreH1818 enH5921 el dintelH4947 y enH5921 los dosH8147 postesH4201, pasaráH6452 JehováH3068 aquellaH5921 puertaH6607, y noH3808 dejaráH5414 entrarH935 al heridorH7843 enH413 vuestras casasH1004 para herirH5062. 24Y guardaréisH8104 estoH1697 por estatutoH2706 para vosotros y para vuestros hijosH1121 paraH5704 siempreH5769. 25Y será, cuandoH3588 habréis entradoH935 enH413 la tierraH776 queH834 JehováH3068 os daráH5414, como tiene hablado, queH834 guardaréisH8104 este ritoH5656. 26Y cuandoH3588 osH413 dijerenH559 vuestros hijosH1121: ¿QuéH4100 rito es este vuestro? 27Vosotros responderéisH559: Es la víctimaH2077 de la PascuaH6453 de JehováH3068, el cualH834 pasóH6452 las casasH1004 de los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 en EgiptoH4714, cuando hirióH5062 á los EgipciosH4714, y libróH5337 nuestrasH587 casasH1004. Entonces el puebloH5971 se inclinóH6915 y adoróH7812. 28Y los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 se fueronH3212, é hicieronH6213 puntualmente así; como JehováH3068 había mandadoH6680 á MoisésH4872 y á AarónH175. 29Y acontecióH1961 que á la medianocheH2676 H3915 JehováH3068 hirióH5221 á todoH3605 primogénitoH1060 en la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714, desde el primogénitoH1060 de FaraónH6547 que se sentabaH3427 sobreH5921 su tronoH3678, hastaH5704 el primogénitoH1060 del cautivoH7628 queH834 estaba en la cárcelH1004 H953, y todoH3605 primogénitoH1060 de los animalesH929. 30Y levantóseH6965 aquella nocheH3915 FaraónH6547, élH1931 y todosH3605 susH1931 siervosH5650, y todosH3605 los EgipciosH4714; y había un granH1419 clamorH6818 en EgiptoH4714, porqueH3588 noH369 había casaH1004 dondeH834 noH369 hubiese muertoH4191. 31E hizo llamarH7121 á MoisésH4872 y á AarónH175 de nocheH3915, y díjolesH559: SalidH3318 de en medioH8432 de mi puebloH5971 vosotrosH859, y los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478; é idH3212, servidH5647 á JehováH3068, comoH859 habéis dichoH1696. 32TomadH3947 tambiénH1571 vuestras ovejasH6629 y vuestras vacasH1241, como habéis dichoH1696, é idosH3212; y bendecidmeH1288 tambiénH1571 á mí. 33Y los EgipciosH4714 apremiabanH2388 alH5921 puebloH5971, dándose priesaH4116 á echarlosH7971 deH4480 la tierraH776; porqueH3588 decíanH559: TodosH3605 somos muertosH4191. 34Y llevóH5375 el puebloH5971 su masaH1217 antesH2962 que se leudaseH2556, sus masasH4863 envueltasH6887 en sus sábanasH8071 sobreH5921 sus hombrosH7926. 35E hicieronH6213 los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 conforme al mandamientoH1697 de MoisésH4872, demandandoH7592 á los EgipciosH4714 vasosH3627 de plataH3701, y vasos de oroH2091, y vestidosH8071. 36Y JehováH3068 dióH5414 graciaH2580 al puebloH5971 delanteH5869 de los EgipciosH4714, y prestáronlesH7592; y ellos despojaronH5337 á los EgipciosH4714. 37Y partieronH5265 los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 de RamesesH7486 á SuccothH5523, como seiscientosH8337 H3967 milH505 hombresH1397 de á pieH7273, sin contar los niñosH2945. 38Y tambiénH1571 subióH5927 conH854 ellos grandeH6154 multitudH7227 de diversa suerte de gentesH6629; y ovejasH1241, y ganadosH4735 muy muchosH3966 H3515. 39Y cocieronH644 tortasH5692 sin levadura de la masa queH1217 habíanH834 sacadoH3318 de EgiptoH4714; porqueH3588 noH3808 había leudadoH2556, por cuantoH3588 echándolos los EgipciosH4714, noH3808 habíanH834 podidoH1571 detenerseH6720, niH3808 aun prepararseH6213 comidaH6720. 40El tiempoH4186 queH834 los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 habitaronH3427 en EgiptoH4714, fué cuatrocientosH702 H3967 treintaH7970 añosH8141. 41Y pasados cuatrocientosH702 H3967 treintaH7970 añosH8141, en el mismoH6106 díaH3117 salieronH3318 todosH3605 los ejércitosH6635 de JehováH3068 de la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714. 42Es nocheH3915 de guardarH8107 á JehováH3068, por haberlos sacadoH3318 en ella de la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714. EstaH1931 nocheH3915 deben guardarH8107 á JehováH3068 todosH3605 los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 en sus generacionesH1755. 43Y JehováH3068 dijoH559 á MoisésH4872 y á AarónH175: EstaH2063 es la ordenanzaH2708 de la PascuaH6453: NingúnH3605 extrañoH1121 comeráH398 de ella: 44Mas todoH3605 siervoH5650 humanoH376 compradoH4736 por dineroH3701, comeráH398 de ella despuésH227 que lo hubieres circuncidadoH4135. 45El extranjeroH8453 y el asalariado noH3808 comeránH398 de ella. 46En unaH259 casaH1004 se comeráH398, y noH3808 llevarásH3318 deH4480 aquella carneH1320 fueraH2351 deH4480 casaH1004, niH3808 quebraréis huesoH7665 suyoH6106. 47TodaH3605 la congregaciónH5712 de IsraelH3478 le sacrificaráH6213. 48Mas siH3588 algún extranjeroH1616 peregrinare contigoH854, y quisiere hacer la pascuaH6453 á JehováH3068, séale circuncidado todoH3605 varónH2145, y entoncesH227 se llegará á hacerla, y seráH1961 como el natural de la tierra; pero ningúnH3605 incircuncisoH6189 comeráH398 de ella. 49La mismaH259 leyH8451 seráH1961 para el naturalH249 y para el extranjeroH1616 que peregrinare entre vosotrosH8432. 50Así lo hicieronH6213 todosH3605 los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478; como mandóH6680 JehováH3068 á MoisésH4872 y á AarónH175, asíH3651 lo hicieronH6213. 51Y en aquel mismoH6106 díaH3117 sacóH3318 JehováH3068 á los hijosH1121 de IsraelH3478 de la tierraH776 de EgiptoH4714 porH5921 sus escuadronesH6635.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 THE PASSOVER INSTITUTED. (
Exod 12:1-
Exod 12:10)
the Lord spake unto Moses--rather, "had spoken unto Moses and Aaron"; for it is evident that the communication here described must have been made to them on or before the tenth of the month.
2 this month shall be unto you the beginning of months--the first not only in order but in estimation. It had formerly been the seventh according to the reckoning of the civil year, which began in September, and continued unchanged, but it was thenceforth to stand first in the national religious year which began in March, April.
3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel--The recent events had prepared the Israelitish people for a crisis in their affairs, and they seem to have yielded implicit obedience at this time to Moses. It is observable that, amid all the hurry and bustle of such a departure, their serious attention was to be given to a solemn act of religion.
a lamb for an house--a kid might be taken (
Exod 12:5). The service was to be a domestic one, for the deliverance was to be from an evil threatened to every house in Egypt.
4 if the household be too little for the lamb, &c.--It appears from JOSEPHUS that ten persons were required to make up the proper paschal communion.
every man according to his eating--It is said that the quantity eaten of the paschal lamb, by each individual, was about the size of an olive.
5 lamb . . . without blemish--The smallest deformity or defect made a lamb unfit for sacrifice--a type of Christ (
Heb 7:26;
1Pet 1:19).
a male of the first year--Christ in the prime of life.
6 keep it up until the fourteenth day, &c.--Being selected from the rest of the flock, it was to be separated four days before sacrifice; and for the same length of time was Christ under examination and His spotless innocence declared before the world.
kill it in the evening--that is, the interval between the sun's beginning to decline, and sunset, corresponding to our three o'clock in the afternoon.
7 take of the blood, and strike it on the two side-posts, &c.--as a sign of safety to those within. The posts must be considered of tents, in which the Israelites generally lived, though some might be in houses. Though the Israelites were sinners as well as the Egyptians, God was pleased to accept the substitution of a lamb--the blood of which, being seen sprinkled on the doorposts, procured them mercy. It was to be on the sideposts and upper doorposts, where it might be looked to, not on the threshold, where it might be trodden under foot. This was an emblem of the blood of sprinkling (
Heb 12:24;
Heb 10:29).
8 roast with fire--for the sake of expedition; and this difference was always observed between the cooking of the paschal lamb and the other offerings (
2Chr 35:13).
unleavened bread--also for the sake of despatch (
Deut 16:3), but as a kind of corruption (
Luke 12:1) there seems to have been a typical meaning under it (
1Cor 5:8).
bitter herbs--literally, "bitters"--to remind the Israelites of their affliction in Egypt, and morally of the trials to which God's people are subject on account of sin.
9 Eat not of it raw--that is, with any blood remaining; a caveat against conformity to idolatrous practices. It was to be roasted whole, not a bone to be broken, and this pointed to Christ (
John 19:36).
10 let nothing of it remain until the morning--which might be applied in a superstitious manner, or allowed to putrefy, which in a hot climate would speedily have ensued; and which was not becoming in what had been offered to God.
11 THE RITE OF THE PASSOVER. (
Exod 12:11-
Exod 12:14)
thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet--as prepared for a journey. The first was done by the skirts of the loose outer cloth being drawn up and fastened in the girdle, so as to leave the leg and knee free for motion. As to the other, the Orientals never wear shoes indoors, and the ancient Egyptians, as appears from the monuments, did not usually wear either shoes or sandals. These injunctions seem to have applied chiefly to the first celebration of the rite.
it is the Lord's passover--called by this name from the blood-marked dwellings of the Israelites being passed over figuratively by the destroying angel.
12 smite . . . gods of Egypt--perhaps used here for princes and grandees. But, according to Jewish tradition, the idols of Egypt were all on that night broken in pieces (see
Num 33:4;
Isa 19:1).
14 for a memorial, &c.--The close analogy traceable in all points between the Jewish and Christian passovers is seen also in the circumstance that both festivals were instituted before the events they were to commemorate had transpired.
15 UNLEAVENED BREAD. (Exo. 12:15-51)
Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread, &c.--This was to commemorate another circumstance in the departure of the Israelites, who were urged to leave so hurriedly that their dough was unleavened (
Exod 12:39), and they had to eat unleavened cakes (
Deut 16:3). The greatest care was always taken by the Jews to free their houses from leaven--the owner searching every corner of his dwelling with a lighted candle. A figurative allusion to this is made (
1Cor 5:7). The exclusion of leaven for seven days would not be attended with inconvenience in the East, where the usual leaven is dough kept till it becomes sour, and it is kept from one day to another for the purpose of preserving leaven in readiness. Thus even were there none in all the country, it could be got within twenty-four hours [HARMER].
that soul shall be cut off--excommunicated from the community and privileges of the chosen people.
16 there shall be an holy convocation--literally, calling of the people, which was done by sound of trumpets (
Num 10:2), a sacred assembly--for these days were to be regarded as Sabbaths--excepting only that meat might be cooked on them (
Exod 16:23).
17 ye shall observe, &c.--The seven days of this feast were to commence the day after the passover. It was a distinct festival following that feast; but although this feast was instituted like the passover before the departure, the observance of it did not take place till after.
19 stranger--No foreigner could partake of the passover, unless circumcised; the "stranger" specified as admissible to the privilege must, therefore, be considered a Gentile proselyte.
21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, &c.--Here are given special directions for the observance.
22 hyssop--a small red moss [HASSELQUIST]; the caper-plant [ROYLE]. It was used in the sprinkling, being well adapted for such purposes, as it grows in bushes--putting out plenty of suckers from a single root. And it is remarkable that it was ordained in the arrangements of an all-wise Providence that the Roman soldiers should undesignedly, on their part, make use of this symbolical plant to Christ when, as our Passover, He was sacrificed for us [
John 19:29].
none . . . shall go out at the door of his house until the morning--This regulation was peculiar to the first celebration, and intended, as some think, to prevent any suspicion attaching to them of being agents in the impending destruction of the Egyptians; there is an allusion to it (
Isa 26:20).
26 when your children shall say, . . . What mean ye by this service--Independently of some observances which were not afterwards repeated, the usages practised at this yearly commemorative feast were so peculiar that the curiosity of the young would be stimulated, and thus parents had an excellent opportunity, which they were enjoined to embrace, for instructing each rising generation in the origin and leading facts of the national faith.
27 the people bowed the head, and worshipped--All the preceding directions were communicated through the elders, and the Israelites, being deeply solemnized by the influence of past and prospective events, gave prompt and faithful obedience.
29 at midnight the Lord smote all the first-born in the land of Egypt--At the moment when the Israelites were observing the newly instituted feast in the singular manner described, the threatened calamity overtook the Egyptians. It is more easy to imagine than describe the confusion and terror of that people suddenly roused from sleep and enveloped in darkness--none could assist their neighbors when the groans of the dying and the wild shrieks of mourners were heard everywhere around. The hope of every family was destroyed at a stroke. This judgment, terrible though it was, evinced the equity of divine retribution. For eighty years the Egyptians had caused the male children of the Israelites to be cast into the river [
Exod 1:16], and now all their own first-born fell under the stroke of the destroying angel. They were made, in the justice of God, to feel something of what they had made His people feel. Many a time have the hands of sinners made the snares in which they have themselves been entangled, and fallen into the pit which they have dug for the righteous [
Pro 28:10]. "Verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth" [
Ps 58:11].
30 there was not a house where there was not one dead--Perhaps this statement is not to be taken absolutely. The Scriptures frequently use the words "all," "none," in a comparative sense--and so in this case. There would be many a house in which there would be no child, and many in which the first-born might be already dead. What is to be understood is, that almost every house in Egypt had a death in it.
31 called for Moses and Aaron--a striking fulfilment of the words of Moses (
Exod 11:8), and showing that they were spoken under divine suggestion.
32 also take your flocks, &c.--All the terms the king had formerly insisted on were now departed from; his pride had been effectually humbled. Appalling judgments in such rapid succession showed plainly that the hand of God was against him. His own family bereavement had so crushed him to the earth that he not only showed impatience to rid his kingdom of such formidable neighbors, but even begged an interest in their prayers.
34 people took . . . their kneading-troughs--Having lived so long in Egypt, they must have been in the habit of using the utensils common in that country. The Egyptian kneading-trough was a bowl of wicker or rush work, and it admitted of being hastily wrapped up with the dough in it and slung over the shoulder in their hykes or loose upper garments.
35 children of Israel borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver--When the Orientals go to their sacred festivals, they always put on their best jewels. The Israelites themselves thought they were only going three days' journey to hold a feast unto the Lord, and in these circumstances it would be easy for them to borrow what was necessary for a sacred festival. But borrow conveys a wrong meaning. The word rendered borrow signifies properly to ask, demand, require. The Israelites had been kept in great poverty, having received little or no wages. They now insisted on full remuneration for all their labor, and it was paid in light and valuable articles adapted for convenient carriage.
36 the Lord gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians--Such a dread of them was inspired into the universal minds of the Egyptians, that whatever they asked was readily given.
spoiled the Egyptians--The accumulated earnings of many years being paid them at this moment, the Israelites were suddenly enriched, according to the promise made to Abraham (
Gen 15:14), and they left the country like a victorious army laden with spoil (
Ps 105:37;
Ezek 39:10).
37 The children of Israel journeyed from Rameses--now generally identified with the ancient Heroopolis, and fixed at the modern Abu-Keisheid. This position agrees with the statement that the scene of the miraculous judgments against Pharaoh was "in the field of Zoan" [
Ps 78:12,
Ps 78:43]. And it is probable that, in expectation of their departure, which the king on one pretext or another delayed, the Israelites had been assembled there as a general rendezvous. In journeying from Rameses to Palestine, there was a choice of two routes--the one along the shores of the Mediterranean to El-Arish, the other more circuitous round the head of the Red Sea and the desert of Sinai. The latter Moses was directed to take (
Exod 13:17).
to Succoth--that is, booths, probably nothing more than a place of temporary encampment. The Hebrew word signifies a covering or shelter formed by the boughs of trees; and hence, in memory of this lodgment, the Israelites kept the feast of tabernacles yearly in this manner.
six hundred thousand . . . men--It appears from
Num 1:3 that the enumeration is of men above twenty years of age. Assuming, what is now ascertained by statistical tables, that the number of males above that age is as nearly as possible the half of the total number of males, the whole male population of Israel, on this computation, would amount to 1,200,000; and adding an equal number for women and children, the aggregate number of Israelites who left Egypt would be 2,400,000.
38 a mixed multitude went with them--literally, "a great rabble" (see also
Num 11:4;
Deut 29:11); slaves, persons in the lowest grades of society, partly natives and partly foreigners, bound close to them as companions in misery, and gladly availing themselves of the opportunity to escape in the crowd. (Compare
Zech 8:23).
40 the sojourning of the children of Israel . . . four hundred and thirty years--The Septuagint renders it thus: "The sojourning of the children and of their fathers, which they sojourned in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt." These additions are important, for the period of sojourn in Egypt did not exceed two hundred fifteen years; but if we reckon from the time that Abraham entered Canaan and the promise was made in which the sojourn of his posterity in Egypt was announced, this makes up the time to four hundred thirty years.
41 even the selfsame day--implying an exact and literal fulfilment of the predicted period.
49 One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger--This regulation displays the liberal spirit of the Hebrew institutions. Any foreigner might obtain admission to the privileges of the nation on complying with their sacred ordinances. In the Mosaic equally as in the Christian dispensation, privilege and duty were inseparably conjoined.